The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus

Index

Index 263 Abashidze, Aslan, 203–208 Abashidze, Georgi, 204 Abashidze, Memed, 204 Abkhaz: in Abkhazia, 30t, 54, 117, 119, 130, 133–134; ASSR for, 37; diaspora, 51, 148; economic discrimination, complaints of, 47, 221; ethnonational mobilization , 144; in Georgia, 117, 133, 148–149, 212; Georgians and, 39, 120, 214; identity, 206; independence, 35– 36; Ossets and, 202; prosperity, 48; right of secession, 35–36; secessionism, 54; sovereignization, opposition to, 219; Soviet ethnofederalism, 212; Stalin and, 206 Abkhaz battalion, 84–85, 108, 148 Abkhazia: Abkhaz in, 30t, 54, 117, 119, 130, 133–134; affluence, 47; agriculture , 121; Armenians in, 30t, 119, 130; Constitution, 130; Declaration of Lykhny (1988), 121; economic development , 120–121, 221; elections, 130; elites, 50, 133, 134, 143, 149; ethnic dominance, 53–54; Gagra, 131; Gali district, 131; Georgian nationalism, 202; Georgians in, 30t, 117, 119, 121, 130, 133, 134; Gudauta, 131, 140; independence , 36, 123–124, 147; international recognition, lack of, 36; investment in, 120; Lykhny, 121; National Guard, 140–141; nationalism, 134, 149; nontitular groups, largest, 30t; population (1989), 30t; postwar era, 150–151; power-sharing arrangement (1991), 130; Russians in, 30t, 119, 130; shadow/criminal economy in, 120; as “Soviet Riviera,” 121; status, 8, 30t, 150–151; Sukhumi, 131, 141, 147; Supreme Soviet, 123–124, 130, 134, 143; titular nation percentage, 30t, 53– 54; Transcaucasian Federal Democratic Republic, 30t; war in (see Abkhazia, war in) Abkhazia, war in (1992-1993): Abkhaz battalion, 84–85, 108, 148; Abkhazian demand to become a union republic, 121–122, 124, 149; Abkhazian loyalty to Moscow, 134; Abkhazian National Guard, 140–141; Basayev and, 85; as battle of start-ups, 215; casualties, 143; collaboration between state and entrepreneurs of violence, 218; commitment problems, 214; competition between SSRs, ASSRs, AOs, 35; demonstration effect of successful mobilization, 144; displaced people/refugees, 141; ethnic cleansing, 116, 223; financing, 140– 141, 148; Gagra, 131; Georgian army, 141; Georgian language law, 123; Georgian National Guard, 131, 138, 140, 145; Georgian reliance on loot-seeking groups, 146; interethnic ties, breakdown of, 144; kidnapping of Georgian minister , 131; Kitovani and, 140; mobilization in, 119–124, 143–144, 149; negotiations , 131, 150; organization of violence, 140, 225; peacekeepers, 132; recruitment of fighters, 7, 141, 222; Russian army, 141; Russian role, 131, 150; secessionists’ superiority, 8–9; Shevardnadze and, 132; Soviet support for rebels, 135; Sukhumi, 131, 141; terrain, 57, 150; veterans of, 108; volunteers, 131; as a war of laws, 130, 144, 145 Abkhazian-Adygean language group, 119 Abkhazian ASSR, 26, 30t, 141 Abkhazian SSR, 30t Accord of Khasavyurt (1996), 84 Adamon Nykhas group, 125, 142 adat: Caucasus, 89; Chechnya, 74, 90, 113; Dagestan, 194; North Caucasus, 14; Sufism and, 89 Adygea: activists, 141; Adygians in, 28t; nontitular groups, largest, 28t; population (1989), 28t; Russians in, 28t; status , 28t; titular nation percentage, 28t Adygian AO, 27 Adygian-Cherkessian AO, 28t Adygians, 27, 28t Afghanistan: Basayev in, 85; lootable commodities, 51; market of violence, 61; Mazar-i-Shariff, 95; Northern Alliance, 51; war in, 70 Aghordzineba-N, 204 Agulers, 28t Ajaria, 200–208; Abashidze’s system/personal reign, 203–206, 207–208; Ajars in, 30t, 118; Armenians in, 30t, 201; avoidance of war, 3, 64; Azerbaijan and, 200; connection to mother republic, 222; economic sanctions against, 205; elections, 202, 205; elite continuity, 207, 208; elites, 199, 205; ethnic dominance, 54; Gamsakhurdia (Zviad), 202–203, 208; Georgian nationalism, 202, 205, 207; Georgianization of, 201; Georgians in, 30t, 201; history, 200–201; lessons, 206–208; nomenklatura in, 201, 207; non politicized nature of cultural differences , 206, 208; nontitular groups, largest, 30t; population, 30t, 201; proSoviet , ethnic mobilization, 203; Russian military in, 207; Russians in, 30t, 201; Shevardnadze and, 205; Soviet politics of secularization, 201; status, 30t; Supreme Soviet, 203, 204; titular nation percentage, 30t, 54 Ajarian ASSR, 26, 30t Ajaristan, 200, 201 Ajars: in Ajaria, 30t, 118; as ethnic Georgians , 201; Georgians and, 202, 206, 238n1; identity, 206–207; relative poverty, 48 Al-Qaeda, 95, 106 Albanian diaspora, 106 Alexander I, Tsar, 16 Aliyev, Heydar, 171, 173, 218 All-National Congress of the Chechen People (1990), 76 Amnesty International, 128 AOs (autonomous oblasts): competition with SSRs, ASSRs, 35; defining characteristics , 25, 26; ethnic composition, 28t–31t; independence, 36; in North Caucasus, 26, 28t–29t; for Ossets, 26; secession of an SSR, 241n32; separation from SSRs, 35; in South Caucasus, 30t–31t; sovereignty of SSRs, 35 Arabs, 13–14, 91–92 Ararktsian, Babken, 161 Armenia: Armenians in, 27, 30t; Azerbaijani enclave, 26, 39; Azerbaijanis in, 30t; democratic legitimacy, 33...