Empire’s Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

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Empire’s Proxy America and the Long 19th Century general editors David Kazanjian, Elizabeth McHenry, and Priscilla Wald Black Frankenstein: The Making of an American Metaphor Elizabeth Young Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel Edlie L. Wong Shadowing the White Man’s Burden: U.S. Imperialism and the Problem of the Color Line Gretchen Murphy Bodies of Reform: The Rhetoric of Character in Gilded Age America James B. Salazar Empire’s Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines Meg Wesling Empire’s Proxy American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines Meg Wesling a N E W Y O R K U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S New York and London N E W Y O R K U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S New York and London www.nyupress.org© 2011 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wesling, Meg. Empire’s proxy : American literature and U.S. imperialism in the Philippines / Meg Wesling. p. cm. — (America and the long 19th century) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8147-9476-0 (alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8147-9477-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8147-9478-4 (e-Book) 1. American literature—19th century—History and criticism. 2. Imperialism in literature. 3. Philippine literature (English) 4. Americans—Philippines . 5. American literature—Filipino American authors—History and criticism. 6. National characteristics, American, in literature. 7. United States— Relations—Philippines. 8. Philippines—Relations—United States. I. Title. PS217.I47W48 2011 810.9'358599032—dc22 2010021006 References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A book in the American Literatures Initiative (ALI), a collaborative publishing project of NYU Press, Fordham University Press, Rutgers University Press, Temple University Press, and the University of Virginia Press. The Initiative is supported by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For more information, please visit www.americanliteratures.org. For Rachel and Ida ...