Camouflage Isn't Only for Combat: Gender, Sexuality, and Women in the Military

Index

Acker, Joan, 7 Aggressiveness, 33, 47, 75–76, 97, 121 Alcohol use, 94–96, 105 Assertiveness, 47, 76, 97 Athletics, 19, 114. See also Bodybuilding Ban on lesbians and gays in military, 17, 35, 42, 79, 119, 128, 131–132 Barriers to participation, institutional and interpersonal, 6, 31 Basic training, 9, 15–17, 47 Beckman, Comdr. Trish, 123 Benecke, Michelle M., 78 Biology, 11, 27, 29, 59. See also Naturalness of gender/sex; Nature vs. nurture Bisexual. See Lesbian and bisexual women Bleckley, Jessica, 80 Blending, as a strategy, 21–22, 82, 107–108 Bodybuilding, 19, 22–23. See also Athletics Branch of military, 35, 38–39, 53, 98, 187 Career limitations, 69–72, 122, 125 Caregiving role, conflict with, 28 Clothing, 46, 83, 91–93, 114; and femininity, 67, 86–87, 91, 93, 100, 115; and masculinity, 20, 93; uniforms, 44, 86–87, 93, 189 Cologne, use of. See Perfume Combat, women in, 4–5, 34, 77, 121; aircraft, 7; exclusion from, 5, 79, 126–127; ships, 7 Cornum, Maj. Rhonda, 121 Coughlin, Lt. Paula, 80 Dating, 67, 89. See also Marriage; Sexual relationships Deaux, Kay, 20, 25 Disapproval: of family, for entering the military, 1–2; of other women within the military, 65–66, 74. See also Ostracism Discrimination within the military, 6–7 Dodge, Kirstin S., 78 “Doing gender,” 10–14, 23, 25, 79, 80, 82, 101–102, 112–129, 187 Donnell, Vice Adm. Joseph S., 18 Draft, 8, 135 Drinking. See Alcohol use Dunlap, Sgt. Troy, 121 Earrings. See Jewelry Education, 50 201 INDEX Enlisted personnel. See Rank Epstein, Steven, 61 Ethnomethodology, 10–11, 13, 187 Etiquette training, 10, 22; in the Marine Corps, 10, 38 Fenstermaker, Sarah, 113–114, 118 Fingernails, 46, 67, 69, 84, 98 Fraternization, 16–17 Functionalism, 27 Gender as process. See “Doing gender ” Gender balance. See Blending Gendered institutions, 7 Gender identity, 100–102 Gender ideology, 6, 15 Gender management, strategies of, 81–85, 98–111; toward femininity , 85–92; toward masculinity, 92–98. See also Alcohol use; Athletics ; Blending; Bodybuilding; Clothing; Dating; Fingernails; Hair; Jewelry; Make-up; Marriage ; Office decor; Perfume; Physical fitness; Smoking; Swearing Goffman, Erving, 9, 11–12 Hair, 20, 44–46, 69, 86–88, 91–93, 97 Hall, Marny, 22 Heterosexuality, 17, 60, 62, 89–90, 119 Heterosexual women, 18, 24, 40, 106 Hobby, Oveta Culp, 3 Homophobia, 18–19, 74, 79, 105, 188 Homosexuality. See Lesbian and bisexual women Hultgreen, Lt. Kara, 122–123 Image of the military, 42 Impression management, 41 Incompetent, women perceived as, 68–69, 77 Jewelry: as strategy, 4, 86, 92, 100, 105, 189 Kennedy, Claudia J., 5 Kite, Mary E., 20, 25 Language, 83. See also Swearing Latrine facilities, 16 Lesbian and bisexual women, 2, 5, 18–20, 22, 24, 37, 40, 42, 49, 52–53, 59–60, 62, 73–76, 78, 89, 100, 105–106, 111, 115, 117– 121, 124 Lesbian baiting, 78 Lowe, Maria, 19, 22 Make-up, 4, 10, 38, 46, 67, 86–87, 92–93, 97–98, 105, 189 Male bonding, 42, 188 Male occupations, 1–6, 21, 28 Marginalization, 5 Marriage, 64, 89; single parents, 34 Masculinity of women: disapproved of, within the ranks. See Ostracism Methodology, 23–24, 83–84, 90– 92, 131–186; dependent variables , 142–143; independent variables , 143–148; respondents, 134–135; response rate, 135; statistical methods, 142–143; weighting , 146–147. See also Questionnaire Military intelligence (MI), 51 Military women: entry into services, 32; numbers of, 5 202 ■ INDEX MINERVA Center, 123 Mitchell, Brian, 67 Moskos, Charles, 132 Naturalness of gender/sex, 29–30, 58–59, 116 Nature vs. nurture, 27, 31 Neuter: as a strategy, 103–104, 108–109 Nurses, 51 Office decor, 88, 97 Officers. See Rank Ostracism, 65–66, 74 Penalties: for femininity, 33, 65–73, 77–78, 86; for gender violations, 23, 42–54, 88, 92, 125; for masculinity , 33, 73–77; for uniform violations, 87. See also Career limitations; Incompetent, women perceived as; Lesbian and bisexual women; Ostracism; Promotions; “Slut”; Weak, women perceived as Perez, Julia, 20 Perfume, 70, 84, 86, 97, 105 Persian Gulf War, 121, 132 Physical fitness, 94–96 Pressures toward femininity and/or masculinity, 23, 34–42 Promotions, 69, 125 Prostitution, 64 Questionnaire, 23, 138–139, 153– 186 Race, 50, 148–149 Rank, 39–40, 47–49, 53, 67, 70, 98–99, 102 Rational choice theory, 114–115 Rationality, 63 Recruiting, 3–4, 126 Reproductive rights, 27 Reserve Officers Training...