Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction

Index

Index Actor-network theory, 79, 92, 95, I05-1 I Age effects, 59,62-63,67,71. See also Cumulative advantage theory Allison, Paul, 53, 57, 61,157 Anthropology, 32, 134-40, 142-44 Autonomy, 57-58, 79, 85,94,117,133,149, 154; and technology, I07, 124 Barnes, Barry, 84, 86, 90-93 Bath school, 94-IOO Ben-David, Joseph, 56, 71, 74 Bijker, Wiebe, 7D-71, 87, 95, 158 Bloor, David, 84, 86, 87 Boundary-work, 58 Bourdieu, Pierre, 59, II8-19, 136, 166 n. 9 Bradford's law, 72 Braverman, Harry, 79, 126 Calion, Michel, 79, 92, I07---9, 121, 165 n. 9 Carnap, Rudolf, 9, II, 13-14, 19"-20,23, 25, 27-28, 3I Causality, 33-34, 86-87 Citation studies, 75-80 Clarke, Adele, 104-6 Cole, Stephen, 41-42,53,59,61,65,157 Collins, Harry, 39, 84, 93---99, I06 Collins, Randall, 53, 74, 85-86 Conflict theory, 85 Constructivism: analysis ofcontent, 52-53, 64,79,81,95, 108; construction offacts, 77, IOI-3; postconstructivism, 152-56; and reconstruction, 139, 141, 144; typology for philosophy, 34-39, 82, 127; typology for social studies, 82-84, 129. See also Relativism; Sociology Controversies, 24-26, 75, 87-IOO, 141-42, 152-53 Conventionalism, 18-19,23 Crane, Diana, 60, 64, 73 Critical science studies, II3-26, 158 Cultural studies: additional sources, 158; defined , 6, II2-13; key concepts, II4-23; structuralism and poststructuralism, 13741 Culture, 24, 29, I04, 106, 136; cultural constructivism , 83, 93; and history, 127, 131; two cultures, 16 Cumulative advantage theory, 59"-64 Deconstruction, 89, 139"-4° Demarcation problem, 21-22 Discourse analysis, 103 Doomsday thesis, 30 Duhem, Pierre, 18-19, 27, 39 Dumont, Louis, 116, 140 Durkheim, Emile, 37, 54 Edinburgh school, 90-92 Ellul, Jacques, 123-24 Empirical program ofrelativism (EPOR), 39, 94-IOO, 135 Ethnography, 134-35 Ethnomethodology, 92, 100, I03 Evolutionary theory, 7-8, 32, 36-37, 54, 131,134, 139 Experimenter's regress, 20, 96 Explanation, 15-16, 33 Falsificationism, 19"-22, 24, 27. See also Popper , Karl Feminism: and anthropology, 138; and cultural studies, 88-89, 119"-22, 140, 159; and history ofscience, 130; and philosophy , 45-51; and sociology ofscience, 6069 ; and technology studies, 126; two cultures , 16. See also Gender Feyerabend, Paul, 18,23,25, 132 Fleck, Ludwik, 23, 84 193 194 Index Forman rhesis, 131 Foucault, Michel, 79, 107, 116-19, 130 Fujimura, Joan, 101, 104---6 Fuller, Steve, 7, 15,37,39,43, 151, 159 Functionalism, 32, 54-55, 108, 134 Galison, Peter, 103-4 Gatekeeping, 64, 66 Gender, II9-22, 154; and productivity, 61, 67---69; and the scientific revolution, 130; and scientific theories, 30, 43, 140; and status attainment, 60---66. See also Feminism Giere, Ronald, 12, 37, 43, 108 Gieryn, Thomas, 21, 44,58,70 Gramsci, Antonio, II2, II4-15, 12I Habermas, JUrgen, 90, II 3-14 Hacking, Ian, II, 19,23, 25, 32-34, 157 Hagstrom, Warren, 53, 56, 157 Hakken, David, 124 Halo effect, 60 Haraway, Donna, 46-47, 49,89, 107, II5, 120-22, 132-33, 138, 146, 150-51, 159 Harding, Sandra, 45-47, 79, 120, 157-58 Hargens, Lowell, 53,62,65,78, 157 Hegemony, II5, 121-23 Hess, David, 50, 58, 88-89, I3I, 139, 144, 152-55 Hessen, Boris, 84, 128-30 Historicism, 2, 22-27 History ofscience, 3, II6-17, 121, 127-34, 158 Hughes, Thomas, 106-'7, 158 Ideology, 57,9°, II5-16 Immediacy effect, 76-77 Incommensurability thesis, 25 Induction, 13, 20, 96--98 Innovation, 70-'73 Interests, 21, 53, 89--94, IIO, 124, 154 Internalismlexternalism, 8I, 27 Invisible college, 73 Jasanoff, Sheila, 17, 158 Justification, II- 14, 20, 3I, 4I, 46-47, 95, 97, 148, 162 n. 12 Keller, Evelyn, 47, 159 Knorr-Cetina, Karin, 38-39, 69, 81, 100101 , II8, 139 Kroeber-Merton hypothesis, 70 Kuhn, Thomas, 18,22-28,39,48-51,55, 71,74,94--95, 121, 145 Laboratory studies, 100-I°I Lakatos, Imre, 27-30, 74 Latour, Bruno, 77, 101-2, I07-II, II8, 121 Laudan, Larry, 29-30, 39, 162 nn. 12, 13 Law, John, 79, 92, 107, 158 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 137-39 Long,]. Scott, 57,61,67--68,157 Longino, Helen, 40, 47-51, 154, 157 Lotka's law, 72 Lukacs, Georg, II4-15 Lynch, Michael, 103 MacKenzie, Donald, 90--<)3 Marginality hypothesis, 70 Martin, Brian, 88, 151-52 Martin, Emily, 89, 132, 140, 159 Marx, Karl, 36, 90, II5-16, 128, 138, 153 Marxism, 21, 28,32,46,85,90, III, II315 , 124, 129 Matilda effect, 60 Matthew effect, 59 Menard model, 62---63 Merchant thesis, 130 Merton, Robert, 17,21,53-60,64---65,77, 78, 83-84, 87,95, II7, 122, 128, 145, 157 Modernism, 131 Modernity, 130 Mulkay, Michael, 38-39, 57, 75, 81, 84, 86, 103 Mullins, Nicholas, 74-'75 Mumford, Lewis, 123-24 Naturalism, 30-32 Needham, Joseph, 86, 128-29 Nelkin, Dorothy, 141-42 Newton hypothesis, 71-72 Noble, David, 126 Nomotheticlidiographic distinction, 16-17, 33, 127 Norms, 21, 27, 53-57, 136. See also Values Orgeta hypothesis, 7I Paradigm, 19,21,24-25,70,74, 84,99 Parsons, Talcott, 54-55, I03, I08 Particularism, 38-45, 53, 56-66, IOo-IOI, I05, 127, 145; defined, 40. See also Universalism ; Values Peer reviw, 22, 62, 65 Philosophy: 6-8, 157; description v. prescription , 7-8, 12,20,26-27, 37, 31)-40, 42, 98; meaning v. reference, I)-IO; place in transdisciplinary dialogue; 3, 6-8, 56, 154; theory choice criteria, 13-14, 19, 22,26-27,29,32,40-51,95, 152-56. See also Constructivism; Conventionalism; Falsificationism; Feminism; Historicism; Naturalism; Positivism; Realism; Relativism Pickering, Andrew, I03-4, 163 n. 18 Pinch, Trevor, 94-99, 158 Policy: 4, 85; affirmative action, 66, 73; and demarcation problem, 21-22; and democracy , 1,58, 142, 144, 147; and intervention /activism, 150-52, 154-55; managerial policy, 67, 69, 71-75, 79-80, 148-49; national differences in, 146-47; and progress , 30; technology policy, 124-26 Popper, Karl, 9, 11)-22,23-24,27,28, 32 Positivism, 8-14, 11)-2 I, 3I, 84 Postmodernism: as historical period, 36, II3, 132-34; as label, I, 19, 132-33, 156 Power, 85, IIo-II, II4-19, 125, 153. See also Culture; Gender Practice, 26, 31, 57,103-4,117,163 n. 18 Pragmatism, 30-31, I04 Price, Derek, 30, 63, 71--'73, 75-78; Price's index, 63, 77; Price's law, 72 Productivity, 61-62, 67-73 Progress, 27-30, 123, 131, 145. See also History ofscience Public understanding ofscience (PUS), 85, 141-44; and reconstruction, 139, 141, 144 Race, 30, 43, 53, 61, 63-66, 122-23 Realism, I I, 32-34, 36-39, 84, 127. See also Relativism Reflexivity, 86-89, 98 Reification, II4-15, 134 Relativism, 1,26,34,37-39,42,81-82,87, 97-99, I08, 132, 149, 154-55. See also Empirical Program of Relativism (EPOR) Index 195 Replication, 96-97 Representation, 37,46, I08-9, II6-I7, 146 Research front, 43, 65, 77 Research programs and traditions, 27-29, 64, 74, 84 Reskin, Barbara, 61, 63, 68,157 Restivo, Sal, 55, 79, 85-86, 88, 90-91, 106, 157 Role hybridization, 71, 74, 137 Rossiter, Margaret, 60, 66 SaWins, Marshall, 138, 153 Saussure, Fedinand de, I)-IO, 139 Science studies, 3; anthropology, 134-40, 142-44; cultural studies, 112-23; critical science studies, II 3-26; feminism, 45-5 I, 60-69, II1)-22; history ofscience, 12734 ; institutional sociology, 52-59, 83-84; philosophy, 7-IO; policy, 146-47, 150-55; sociology ofscientific knowledge, 52-53, 81-83, I05. See also Constructivism; Realism ; Relativism; Technology studies; Values Science wars, 1-2,4,9, IOI, 148-49, 15657 ; philosophy v. social studies, 6--'7, 9697 Scientific revolution, 128-30 Scientometrics, 75-80, 148 Sclove, Richard, 125, 147, 151-52, 158 Social construction of technology (SCOT), 95, 106, 135. See also Constructivism Social studies and social sciences: defined, 6; description v. prescription, 7-8, 57-58, 80, 108; and unity ofscience thesis, 1516 . See also Anthropology; History ofscience ; Sociology Social worlds theory, I04-5 Sociology, 2, 52-54, 157-58; institutional sociology , 52-59, 83-84; sociology ofscientific knowledge (SSK), 52-53, 81-83, I05 Specialty studies, 73 Star, Susan, I02, I04-6 Starnberg group, 74 Strong program, 86-89, 94 Structuralism, I)-IO, 137-38 STS: definition, 2-3; importance of, 14849 . See also Science studies; Science wars; Technology studies Symmetry, 86-88, 98, 127 196 Index Technology studies, 3, 6, 70, 85, 95, 106--'7, 119, 123-26, 143 Traweek, Sharon, 135, 137, 158 Treichler, Paula, 144, 151 Truth, correspondence and coherence views, la-I I Unity ofscience thesis, 14-17, 22, 28, 42 Universalism, 26, 38-45, 53, 56, 59,61,65, 100-101, 116, 127; defined, 40. See also Particularism; Values Values: 53-57, 136, 145-47, 149; and controversies , 97-100, 142; and democracy, 5, 58, II3-I4, 123, 141, 147, 149; and hegemony , II5-I6; theory choice criteria as values, 16; value neutrality, 85-88. See also Gender; Interests; Particularism; Power; Universalism Vienna Circle, 8-9, II4 Weak program, 86-88 Weber, Max, 49, 54, II5, 123, 128 Webster, Andrew, 146-47, 157 Winner, Langdon, 81, 124-25, 148 Woolgar, Steve, 77, 87-89, 101-2, II8, 157 Wynne, Brian, 141-43, 158 Yates thesis, 129 Zuckerman, Harriet, 53, 60, 64--65, 77, 84, 127 ...