Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparations

Notes

Notes Notes to the Introduction 1. From James Melvin Washington, ed., A Testament of Hope (San Francisco : Harper & Row, 1986), p. 217. 2. “An Apology 65 Years Late,” The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, transcript, May 16, 1997. 3. Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), pp. 15–17, 110. 4. Priscilla B. Hayner, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 155. 5. Janna Thompson, Taking Responsibility for the Past: Reparation and Historical Injustice (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2002), p. xi. 6. “Journey toward Justice . . . Not Over,” USA Today, July 9, 2003. 7. Ibid. 8. “Bush Addresses Slavery from African Port Island,” Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, July 8, 2003. 9. Ibid. 10. Adam Goodheart, “Slavery’s Past, Paved Over or Forgotten,” New York Times, July 13, 2003. 11. “Clinton Pays Tribute to Slaves and Their Descendants, Senegal Memorial Is Final Stop on African Tour,” Seattle Times, April 2, 1998. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. LaWanda Johnson, “Benin Seeks Forgiveness for Its Role in African Slave Trade,” Washington Afro-American, October 7, 2002. 15. Kenneth O’Reilly, Nixon’s Piano: Presidents and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 350. 16. Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness; Hayner, Unspeakable Truths; Wilmot James and Linda Van DeVijver, eds., After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001). 17. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Boston: Belknap Press, 2001), pp. 9–14. 18. Thompson, Taking Responsibility for the Past, pp. xix, 17, 21. 19. National guilt in Japan is widely regarded as having been absolved 191 by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The French believe that half the population resisted the Nazi occupation. Spain refuses to come to terms with forty years of Franco’s rule, and Stalin’s victims still wait to be rehabilitated. See James and Van DeVijver, After the TRC, p. 36. 20. Thompson, Taking Responsibility for the Past, pp. 68, 116. 21. Jeffrey Haydu, “Making Use of the Past: Time Periods as Cases to Compare and as Sequences of Problem Solving,” American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 2 (1998): 339–71; William H. Sewell Jr., “Three Temporalities: Toward an Eventful Sociology,” in The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by Terrence J. McDonald (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 245–81; George Steinmetz, “Reflections on the Role of Social Narratives in Working-Class Formation: Narrative Theory in the Social Sciences,” Social Science History 16, no. 3 (fall 1992): 489–516. 22. Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of International Organization in Making the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); John Keane, Civil Society: Old Images, New Visions (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998); Will Kymlicha, Multicultural Citizenship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). Notes to Chapter 1 1. Walter Jackson, Gunnar Myrdal and America’s Conscience (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), passim. 2. Michael C. Dawson, Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary AfricanAmerican Political Ideologies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 34, n. 3. New York Times edition, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Dutton, 1968), p. 540. 4. Ibid., p. 413. 5. Ibid., p. 23. 6. Ibid., p. 483. 7. Ibid., p. 407. 8. Ibid., p. 410. 9. Kenneth O’Reilly, Nixon’s Piano: Presidents and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton (New York: Free Press, 1995), pp. 264–65. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, To Establish Justice, to Insure Domestic Tranquility (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1969), p. 271. 13. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Un192 Notes to the Introduction equal (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992). Recent works supporting Hacker’s argument include Linda Faye Williams, The Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003); Dalton Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Thomas M. Shapiro, The Hidden Cost of Being African American (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). 14. Steven A. Holmes and James Bennet, “A Renewed Sense of Purpose for Clinton...