An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women’s Islamic Movements

Index

| 183 ‘almaniyya, 170 Abdel-Nasser, Gamal, 65; and the Muslim Brotherhood, 68 Abdel-Raziq, Ali, 63 Abduh, Muhammad, 63 Abu-Lughod, Lila, 6; analysis of Qasim Amin, 64; dramas of nationhood , 6 Abul Fadl, Amany, 151; and state policing 152; views and activism, 153 Agency, 9–11; autonomous agency, 103; inconsistency of, 11; liberal definition , 10; Mahmood’s critique, 11 Ahmed, Labiba, 66–67, 70 Ahmed, Leila, 11, 61; critique of Qasim Amin, 64, 65 Al-‘adawiyya, Rab’a, 90, 89 Al-Azhar University, 54, 63, 68, 119, 152 Al-Banna, Hassan, 67 al da’wa, 83; training, 109, 163, 170n4 Al-Ghazali, Zeinab, 67–68, 69, 130 Al-Hilal, 1, 19; activism, 80–81; and education, 83, 93, 98–99, 103; rural social reform, 138–148 Al Wafd, 64; secularism, 66, 171n15 al-zy al-islamy, 73 Amin, Qasim, 63; critiques of, 64; and modern liberal discourse, 64 Arabic, 20; classic, 171n11; command of, 122, 125, 137; enunciation, 2, 165n2; fluency and authenticity, 66, 61; and Qur’an 139; schools, 108, 111 Arborescent thought, 103 Asad, Talal. 40; and Geertz, 40–41; hybridity, 104; religious activism and public discourse, 66; on secularization , 166n11 Autonomy, 11, 14, 20, 34, 78, 96, 103, 115, 132, 133, 158 Binaries, 28, 38, 66; in critique of subjectivity , 27, 57; Islam and modernity, 9; non-binarizing approaches, 8; in Orientalist thought, 33, 50; in religious activism, 60, 154, 156; religious movements and the state, 46; secular and religious feminists 153; secular/religious binary, 46, 79; as a technique of conversion, 92 Cairo, 20, 52, 134, 144, 145; American university, 122; Arabic language academy, 170n18; Islamic activism, 7, 77; Islamization 73; local infrastructure 73; PVO networks, 81, 83, 148; suburbs, 72, 80, 84; tourist sites, 120; transportation, 137; university, 1, 44, 81, 108, 115, 119, 129; women’s movements, 24, 58, 82, 85, 91, 93 China: case study, 28; Falun Gong, 47; religious movements, 46, 47, 158 Civic community, 121 Class(es) 62, 83, 149; clergy, 170; educated, 149, 172; elites, 61; and funerary practices , 107; lower, 61, 63, 67, 71, 87, 106, 118; middle class, 22, 67, 71, 82, 83, 117; Index 184 | Index Class(es) (continued): and modernization , 170n3; Qasim Amin upper class bias, 64; ruling, 30; upper, 62, 63; upper middle, 118, 122; and village life, 172n5; and women’s activism, 7, 82; and women’s labor outside the home, 86 Colonialism, 11; and anthropology, 32; British, 56; and disciplinary techniques , 56; and educational systems after independence, 56; Foucault, 13; and fragmentation and hybridity, 21; French, in Algeria, 156; ; in India and Egypt, 15; and the production of desire, 4, 17; and secularization, 166; and veiling practices, 11; and Westernization, 65 Contractual relationships, 132, 141, 148; European laws, 166; as opposed to mediated subjectivity, 172n1 da’iyat 2, 85, 111, 119, 155, 163, 165; and da’wa, 110–111; Shereen Fathi, 84–85 Death, 37, 68, 111; funeral practices Egypt, 106–108; in liberal secular traditions, 107; as regulating the population in Egypt, 125, 152 Deeb, Lara, and “the enchanted modern,” 7, 9 Deleuze, Gilles (and Felix Guattari), 5, 102–104; and desire, 5, 167; heterogeneity , 21–22, 130; and subject formation, 103 Desire, 5; and colonialism, 14; as discursively produced, 14, 29; as an embedded process, 4–5, 10, 79; epistemology of, 24, 27; fluid, 23; according to Hegel, 167n15; heterogeneous , 34, 130; and history, 124, 161; incomplete, 154; inconsistent, 8, 13, 93; and interiority, 32; and Islamic activist women, 4, 9,13, 16–17, 19, 50, 59, 77, 82, 93–95, 97, 98, 118, 155; according to Lacan, 167n15; liberal/ non liberal, 10–11, 104; postcolonial, 13, 16, 102; as a productive process, 3, 73; as rhizomatic, 5, 78, 102; and secularism, and religion, 6, 8–9, 17, 25, 79, 157, 162; self-fashioning desire, 92, 149; Suad, Joseph, on, 12, 157; and subjectivity, 12; by tagdid al-niyya, 110–111, 117, 157, 167 Desiring subjects, 12–13, 102–104, 124; activist women of al-Hilal, 6; ethnographers as, 23; and discourse. 18; modern, 12, 17, 148; resistant, 13; selves as, 167 Development: embedded modern, 17, 39, 128, 130, 133; Islamic, 129; sustainable, 16, 39, 129, 149; in village of Mehmeit, 128, 134–136, 146, 150; women’s Islamic, 17, 93, 135, 149, 154; as worship, 130 Dichotomy: and housework, 88; Islamic and secular, 47, 154; modernity and tradition, 75); religious and secular subjects, 79. See also Binary din, 38, 163; Al-din lil lah wa’l wattan lil gami...