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203 Abusers: abuse and/or neglect of children, 57, 60, 63, abusers’ family, 29–30, 50, 54, 60; addictions, 22, 25, 26, 30, 62, 100–101, 164; apologies, 22, 25, 27, 28–29, 30, 31, 60, 177n18; citizen abusers, 69, 71; control of immigration papers, 29–30, 44, 93; control/threats against survivors’ jobs, 22, 31, 72; deportation, 62, 63; infidelity, 21, 58, 63; jail, 20–21, 27–28, 100–101, 106, 112; jealousy, 26, 30, 33; legal permanent resident abusers, 69, 71; lies, 22, 58; power and control, 22; pregnancy/birth control, 56, 63, 64; promises, 27; rape, 58, 63, 64; stalking, 60, 64; threats regarding deportation, 22, 25, 31, 32, 43, 44, 50, 59, 62, 76–77, 93, 101, 106; threats regarding separation/divorce, 21, 45; threats regarding tenancy of children, 43, 64, 106; undocumented abusers, 70–71 Affidavit (sworn statement), 18–19, 91, 92, 103, 106–107, 108, 109, 113, 115, 117 Agency, 121–123, 146; and collective action, 146, 147–148; immigrants’ agency, 128–132; nuances of agency, 122–123, 158–159, 187nn12, 13; ORA staff’s agency, 132–133, 146 Alien and Sedition Laws (1798), 65 Alien Land Law (1913), 66, 74, 182n25 American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh, 81, 82 Arte Sana, 88–89, 145, 147–148, 150, 159 Battered women’s movement, 1–2, 148, 156, 189n68 Border Patrol operations, 68 Bracero program, 67, 74 Central American asylees, 80–83 Chastisement doctrine, 51–52 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 66, 74 Citizenship: acquisition through birth and naturalization, 34; acquisition through VAWA, 34–35, 36, 179nn34, 35; acquisition through VTVPA, 35, 36, 179n36; broker of citizenship (gatekeeper), 79, 89–90, 117–119, 167; and disciplinary mechanisms, 9, 37, 41; economic membership, 37–38, 180n49; and employment authorizations , 74–75, 184n86; and gender barriers , 41, 47, 51–52, 53–54; liberalism, 37–38; and nation building (nationhood ), 36–38; and race and ethnicity, 65–71; and social class, 71–78; and social order, 37; and social worth, 190n95 Class action suits, 81, 82, 135 Coverture doctrine, 51–52, 53–54; and chastisement doctrine, 51–52 Deportation operations, 67, 74 Diversity programs, 68, 183n54 Essentialism, 160–161, 191n96 Federal immigration law (1864), 65–66 Index 204 x Index Feminism of color, 1–2, 161, 173n1; and agency, 122; black feminism, 1–2; critical race feminism, 1–2; and intersectionality, 1–2, 7, 8–9, 122; Latina feminism, 1–2; and methodology , 2–5, 9–14, 122; postcolonial feminism, 1–2 Gender violence: and citizenship, 8–9; intersectionality, 1–2, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 122; and nationhood, 8–9 Gentleman’s agreement (1908), 66, 74 “Good client” profile, 128, 131–132 Heteronormativity, 9, 51–55, 118, 166, 181n20 Human rights, 1, 52, 68, 80–81, 173n1 Immigrant survivors of violence: blame, 18, 23, 177n18; bureaucratic process, 78; children, 26, 27, 30, 42, 43, 45, 56, 60–61, 72, 92, 99, 106–107, 110; common-law unions, 44, 47; counseling , 77–78, 96, 113–115; criminal background, 98, 103, 104; disabilities, 101; discretion, 108, 110; divorce, 35, 41, 45–46, 47, 53, 59–60, 61, 63, 64, 136–137, 160; dropping applications, 91; economic abuse, 22, 23, 27, 31, 72, 91, 93, 95, 96, 106, 124; entrapment, 23, 24, 63, 72, 94; escape, 6, 17, 23, 25, 32, 33, 34, 64, 93, 159; fear of deportation , 17, 24, 34, 38, 43, 50, 54, 70, 76, 96, 117, 147, 164, 180n49; forgiveness, 25, 28–29, 56, 57, 60, 177nn18, 19, 20; homosexuality, 3, 51–52, 54–55, 181nn19, 20; isolation, 2, 22, 23–24, 164; language, 2, 22, 25, 48, 92, 114, 129, 159; legalization of immigration status, 29–30, 44, 58, 59, 93, 105, 116; lies, 22, 26, 63; marriage, 20–21, 34, 35, 41, 44, 45, 47, 51–52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 62, 63, 75–76, 91, 93, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 104, 106, 112, 113, 114, 154, 160, 178n31, 179n35, 180n49, 186nn45, 47; men survivors, 100–104; motherhood , 20, 21; parenthood, 105–106, 108–109, 116, 123, 128; physical violence, 22, 24, 27, 32–33, 33–34, 43, 44, 47, 56, 60–61, 63, 72, 101, 106, 110; police, 6, 17, 20, 23, 27–28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 43–44, 47, 49, 50, 52–54, 62, 63, 65, 72, 76–77, 78, 98, 101, 102, 110–112, 113, 124, 125, 127, 130, 137, 139–140, 154, 155, 160; poverty, 19, 21, 24, 30, 42, 44, 49, 55, 56, 62, 72, 73, 75–78...

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