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173 Notes Notes to Chapter 1 1. Although the term feminists of color may be problematic because of its “homogenizing tendencies,” it has been used with the aim of indicating “common struggles” among various feminisms that opposed “the deficient and exclusionary tenets of white middle-class Western feminisms,” recognized that “their particular civil rights struggles transcended U.S. borders and resonated in the human rights, socioeconomic , and political survival struggles of the rest of the hemisphere and other parts of the third world,” and “fostered a national and international dialogue on the intersections of gender, [sexuality], race, and ethnicity, on the power differentials between developed and developing countries” (Acosta-Belén and Bose, 2000, pp. 1114–1115). I adopt a transformative feminist of color perspective, responding to Anzaldúa and Keating’s call to “bridge,” to “define who we are by what we include,” to do “away with demarcations like ‘ours’ and ‘theirs,’” to honor “people’s otherness in ways that allow us to be changed by embracing that otherness rather than punishing others for having a different view, belief system, skin color, or spiritual practice. Diversity of perspectives expands and alters the dialogue, not in an add-on fashion but through a multiplicity that’s transformational” (Anzaldúa, 2002, pp. 3–4). 2. Mills’s (2000) distinction between private troubles and public issues, together with Blumer’s (1971) and Kitsuse and Spector’s (1973) collective action theories of social problems are useful tools to understand the process by which the battered women’s and immigrants’ movements were able to legitimize the struggle to end violence against women (Villalón, 2008). 3. Schechter, 1982; Schneider, 2000; Garfield, 2005; Richie, 2000. 4. Sokoloff and Dupont, 2006; Wing, 2003; Bograd, 2006; Crenshaw, 1995; Richie, 2000. 5. Abraham, 2000; Menjívar and Salcido, 2002; Salcido and Adelman, 2004. 6. Crenshaw, 1995; Menon and Bhasin, 1998; Coker, 2006; Almeida and Lockard, 2006; B. Smith, 2006; Miller, 2008; A. Smith, 2005; Dasgupta, 2007; Richie, 2000, 2006. 7. Chakrabarty, 2000; A. Smith, 2005, 2006; Almeida and Lockard, 2006. 8. Newland, 2006, p. 403. 9. Menon and Bhasin, 1998, p. 8. 10. Bhattacharyya, 1998. 11. Naples, 2003; Hale, 2006. 174 x Notes 12. Bunch and Fried, 1996; Chow, 1996; National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence against Women, 2005; Roe, 2004; Barnish, 2004, Menjívar and Salcido, 2002; Abraham, 2000; Richie, 2006. 13. Durkheim, 1966; Goffman, 1961; Foucault, 1965, 1979; Sjoberg and Nett, 1997. 14. According to the official guidelines of USCIS in 2008 (accessed at http://www. uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid= 6a096c854523d010VgnVCM10000048f3d6a1RCRD&vgnextchannel=4f719c7755cb901 0VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD, March 2009). 15. According to data released by the Office of Immigration Statistics of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. See, for example, the reports of 2007 at http:// www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/. 16. Calculation based on data available at the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice (http://www.ojp.gov/bjs/intimate/ipv.htm#contents), the Texas Council of Family Violence (http://www.tcfv.org/pdf/dvam07/Year%20 2006%20Family%20Violence%20Statistics(HHSC).pdf), and the U.S. Census Bureau (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet?_bm=y&geo_id =01000US&-tm_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_M00092&-ds_name=DEC_2000_ SF1_U&-_MapEvent=displayBy&-_dBy=040#?306,337). 17. Menjívar and Salcido, 2002. 18. Mindry, 2001; Ong, 2003; Menon and Bhasin, 1998; Rudrappa, 2004. 19. Fox Piven and Cloward, 1977; Abel and Nelson, 1990; Perlmutter, 1994; INCITE! Women of Color against Violence, 2007. 20. Case studies have been questioned about their reliability, especially when compared with quantitative studies, which are considered the easiest to test and repeat for corroboration. Instead of statistical formulas and numerical analyses, qualitative research presents detailed in-depth observations and analyses based on field notes and interviews, which are carefully documented in journals with the purpose of sharing the sources and thinking processes beneath the case studies (Lofland and Lofland, 1995; Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw, 1995). Ultimately, the process of testing the accuracy of my research is in the hands of the audience and the academic community , especially those familiar with my research issues, who may compare my findings and analysis with their own observations and/or experiences, contributing in such manner to the construction of knowledge over time and space. I believe that my commitment to honor ethical codes and theoretical and methodological procedures and to be transparent about my thinking process and the original data is part of the process of creating reliable and valid research. 21. Esterberg, 2002. 22. Sjoberg and Nett...