Apocalypse Then: American Intellectuals and the Vietnam War, 1954-1975

Notes

Notes n o t e s to t h e i n t ro du c t i o n 1. Philip Caputo, A Rumor of War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977), 314. 2. Ibid., xvi. 3. Ibid., xii. 4. Francis Ford Coppola, Apocalypse Now (USA: United Artists, 1979). 5. Michael Herr, Dispatches (New York: Avon Books, 1978). 6. Joseph Conrad, The Heart of Darkness (New York: Penguin Books, 1973), 32–33. 7. Jim Morrison, “The End,” Copyright, Nipper Music (ASCAP), 1967. 8. Davis Newton Lott, The Inaugural Addresses of the American Presidents (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), 4. 9. Excerpt from John F. Kennedy Address in Washington, D.C., on April 16, 1959, quoted from The Strategy of Peace, Allan Nevins, ed. (New York: Popular Library, 1960), 203. 10. Excerpt from John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address in Washington, D.C., January 1, 1960. Ibid., 32. 11. Ibid., 269–71. 12. James Carroll, An American Requiem (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996), 279. n o t e s to c h a p t e r 1 1. Editorial, “Mandarins vs. Communists,” Nation (January 6, 1962): 1. 2. Editorials in the Nation and the New Republic which appeared during the early 1960s are discussed below and in chapter 2. 3. “Mandarins vs. Communists,” 3. 4. Ibid., 3. 5. William L. O’Neill, A Better World: The Great Schism—Stalinism and the American Intellectuals (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982). For treatment of the Nation’s Stalinism, see 14–17. For treatment of the New Republic’s Stalinism, see 17–20. 237 6. Ibid., 198–99. 7. Ibid., 344. 8. Ibid., 310. 9. “Mandarins vs. Communists,” 3. 10. Louis B. Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1955), provides this interpretation of American liberalism. This definition has been affirmed more recently by Robert Booth Fowler in Believing Skeptics: American Political Intellectuals, 1945–1964 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); and Richard H. Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (New York: Harper and Row, 1985). 11. For further discussion of this polarization, see Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968). 12. The terms “globalist” and “selectivist” are used by Fowler in his Believing Skeptics. Stephen Ambrose and Lawrence Wittner, in Rise to Globalism (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), have also employed these terms frequently in discussion of this phenomenon. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made—Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman , Kennan, Lovett, and McCloy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986) have used the terms “anticommunist liberals” to describe globalists, and “One-World liberals” to describe selectivists. Initially, the two camps tended to call each other “hard” and “soft” cold warriors. 13. Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America. 14. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Vintage Press, 1948); and Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Vintage Press, 1955). 15. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York: Random House, 1958); and Daniel Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953). 16. David M. Potter’s People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), and John Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1958) were two serious and disturbing works which questioned the enthusiasm of many for America’s economic success. Both authors feared that negative intellectual , cultural, moral, and social side effects would stem from widespread af- fluence. 17. Jacques Barzun, God’s Country and Mine: A Declaration of Love Spiced with a Few Harsh Words (Boston: Little, Brown, 1954). 18. George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912 (New York: Harper and Row, 1958); Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progresive Era, 1910–1917 (New York: Harper and 238 | Notes to Chapter 1 Row, 1954); and William E. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963). 19. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (New York: Collier Books, 1960). 20. This theme is pursued at length in Fowler’s Believing Skeptics. 21. Ibid., 16. 22. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press...