Feminism and Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice

Appendix A: Chronology of Selected Feminist, Racist, and Antiracist Actions

Appendix A Chronology of Selected Feminist, Racist, and Antiracist Actions 1825 The Ladies Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves established in Britain. 1830–33 Hundreds of thousands of women in Britain signed antislavery petitions which represented the first large-scale intervention by women in Parliament. 1848 First convention in the world held specifically to discuss women’s rights. Attended by 240 people (including 40 men) in Seneca Falls, New York. 1861–65 Civil War in the United States. 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, 1862, declared “free only those slaves who lived under Confederate rule.” 1865 Slavery abolished in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution by 121 to 124 votes. 1867 Barber-Scotia College founded in Concord, North Carolina, to educate recently emancipated black women in the United States. 1868 Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution (July 28) affirmed the rights of citizenship to black people born in the United States. 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 enacted under President Ulysses S. Grant; the last piece of civil rights legislation in the United States until 1957. 1881 Spelman College, the oldest liberal arts college for black women, founded in Atlanta, Georgia, to provide an education for black women who were excluded from the state-sanctioned racially segregated public universities and private universities. 1883 Aboriginal Protection Board (later Welfare) established by the New South Wales government. 1883 United States Supreme Court rules that the 1875 Civil Rights Act does not apply to “personal acts of social discrimination.” 367 1896 The National Association of Colored Women (NACW), the oldest secular black organization in the United States, was incorporated with the merger of the National Federation of Afro-American women (founded in Boston in 1896) and the National League of Colored Women. 1896 Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson, which legalized systematic race discrimination by introducing the concept of “separate but equal.” 1902 White women granted suffrage in Australia. 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded by six black Americans and 47 whites on the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth. 1914–18 World War I. 1917 Indian Women’s Association founded. 1920 Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution ratified, granting women suffrage in the United States. 1923 Equal Rights Amendment introduced in the U.S. Congress. 1925 National Council of Women formed in India. 1928 First conference on the Status of Aboriginal Women held in Australia. 1930 White women granted suffrage in South Africa. 1932 Women granted suffrage in Brazil. 1939–45 World War II. 1944 Women granted suffrage in France. 1945 Granting of women’s suffrage in Japan. 1947 India gained independence from Britain, its former colonial ruler. 1948 First International Women’s Day since Second World War in Japan. 1948 Apartheid established in South Africa. 1948 United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948 United Nations adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 1948–94 Apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for “apartness”) was a social and political policy or racial segregation and discrimination enforced by white minority government in South Africa. After the primarily Afrikaaner Nationalist came to power, the social custom of apartheid was systematized under law. 368 Appendix A: Chronology of Selected Feminist, Racist, and Antiracist Actions 1949 Women granted suffrage in China. 1950 Women granted suffrage in India. 1950 The Population Registration Act of 1950 put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black Africans), white, or Colored (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis) was added later. 1956 The Italian government ratified the 1954 Convention on Equal Pay of the International Labour Office. 1957 Women granted suffrage in Nigeria. 1959 Promotion of Bantu Self Government created ten South African homelands administered by reestablished African tribal self governments, pseudo-states within South Africa. 1961 South Africa granted independence from British rule. 1961 Fanny Lou Hamer, Black civil rights leader, was sterilized without her knowledge or consent. 1961 Attendance of Conference of Asian and African women by nine Japanese female representatives. 1962 Equal Pay Act passed in the United States. 1963 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. 1963 The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan published and became a bestseller in the United States. 1963 Women granted suffrage in Kenya. 1964 1964 Civil Rights Act enacted under President Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat); the most...