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| 213 Notes Notes to Chapter 1 1. Heidi Shierholz, “Job Seekers Still Face Intolerable Odds” (Economic Policy Institute press release, July 13, 2010). 2. Quoted in Jason DeParle, “Welfare Aid Isn’t Growing as Economy Falls Off,” New York Times, February 2, 2009, A1. 3. Editorial, “Food Stamps in Hard Times,” New York Times, February 25, 2009, A26. 4. David Brooks, “The Long Voyage Home,” New York Times, May 5, 2009, A27. 5. Thresholds are slightly higher for Alaska and Hawaii. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The HHS Poverty Guidelines, 2007, http://aspe.hhs.gov/ poverty/07poverty.shtml. 6. For alternative poverty measures, see U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty Measure Studies and Alternative Measures, 2007, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas/tables.html. For the impact of the shift from money income to disposable income, see U.S. Census Bureau, Impact of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty in the United States, 2005, http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/p60-232.pdf. 7. Heather Boushey et al., Hardships in America (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2001), table 7. 8. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Table FINC-01, Selected Characteristics of Families by Total Money Income in 2007, http://pubdb3.census.gov/ macro/032008/faminc/new01_000.htm 9. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Table FINC-01, Selected Characteristics of Families by Total Money Income in 2007, http://pubdb3.census.gov/ macro/032008/faminc/new01_000.htm 10. Elaine Kamark and Will Marshall, Mandate for Change (Washington, DC: Progressive Policy Institute, 1988).. 11. Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein, Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low Wage Work (New York: Russell Sage, 1997). 12. David Mills, “Sister Souljah’s Call to Arms,” Washington Post, May 13, 1992, B1. 13. Anthony Lewis, “Abroad at Home; Black and White,” New York Times, June 18, 1992, A27. 14. Katha Pollitt, “About Race: Can We Talk?” Nation, July 7, 1997, 183. 15. Marianne Wright Edelman, “Protect Children from Unjust Policies,” Children’s Defense Fund letter published in Washington Post, November 3, 1995, http://econ161. berkeley.edu/Politics/edelman_open_letter.html. 16. Quoted in Judith Havermann, “Chief of HHS Objects to Governor’s Proposal,” Washington Post, February 29, 1996, A6. 214 | Notes to Chapter 1 17. Press release, Children’s Defense Fund (August 22, 1996). 18. Hannah Matthews and Danielle Ewen, “Child Care Assistance in 2005; State Cuts Continue” (Center for Law and Social Policy, November 1, 2006). 19. According to William Darity and Samuel Myers (The Underclass [Hamden, CT: Garland, 1994], 50): “Groups like Planned Parenthood Federation explicitly advocate reduction in the number of children born out of wedlock via family planning measures, including abortion. Such measures, Planned Parenthood Federation spokespersons have argued, will be a crucial step in reducing the supply of welfare-eligible persons. ... [We] have referred to this outlook as the doctrine of preemptive extermination of the unborn, who are anticipated to become part of the permanent poverty population.” 20. Arlene Geronimus and Sanders Korenman, “The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childrearing Reconsidered,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 1187–1214. For a different evaluation of the data, see Saul Hoffman, “Teenage Childbearing Is Not So Bad after All . . . or Is It?” Family Planning Perspectives 30 (1998): 236–39. 21. For early criticism, see Christopher Jencks, “Introduction,” in Edin and Lein, Making Ends Meet. 22. Scott Winship and Christopher Jencks, “Understanding Welfare Reform,” Harvard Magazine, November–December 2004, 1–7. Of interest, in 2000 Jencks was still pessimistic about reform and, like other critics, emphasized the adverse consequences to the poorest single mothers and the limited economic benefits to many others. Christopher Jencks and Joseph Swingle, “Without a Net.” American Prospect 11 (January 3, 2000): 37–41. 23. Robert Lerman and Caroline Ratcliffe, “Did Metropolitan Areas Absorb Welfare Recipients without Displacing Other Workers?” (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2000). For white never-married women the rate increased from 52 to 67 percent. Arloc Sherman, Shawn Fremstad, and Sharon Parrott, “Employment Rates for Single Mothers Fell Substantially during Recent Period of Labor Market Weakness,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (June 22, 2004). 24. June O’Neill and M. Anne Hill (“Gaining Ground, Moving Up,” Manhattan Institute Civic Report No. 35 [March 2003]) estimate that 44 percent of the employment gains were the result of welfare legislation, while less than 10 percent were the result of a stronger economy. Clinton’s Council of Economic Advisors (“Economic Expansion, Welfare Reform, and the Decline in Caseloads: An Update” [Washington...

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