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>> 159 Notes Notes to the Introduction 1. Paul Krugman, Op-Ed., It’s a Different Country, New York Times, June 9, 2008. 2. John McWhorter, Op-Ed., It’s Official: America is ‘Post-Racial’ in the Age of Obama, The Grio, January 14, 2010. 3. Thomas M. Shapiro et al., The Racial Wealth Gap Increases Fourfold, Inst. on Assets & Soc. Pol’y, (May 2010). Importantly, this study did not take into account home equity, because equity cannot be drawn out and replaced; given the disparate impact of the foreclosure crisis on families of color, it’s likely the gap would be much larger if home equity had been factored in. 4. Maria Cancian & Sheldon Danzinger, Changing Poverty, Changing Policies (2009). 5. Stuart Gabriel & Stuart Rosenthal, Homeownership in the 1980s and 1990s: Aggregate Trends and Racial Gaps, 57 J. Urb. Econ. 101, 103 (2005). 6. Rakesh Kochhar et al., Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics, Pew Res. Ctr., 31 (July 26, 2011). 7. Id. at 29–30. 8. Sylvia A. Allegretto, The State of Working America’s Wealth, 2011: Through Volatility and Turmoil, the Gap Widens, Econ. Policy Inst., 10 (Briefing Paper No. 292), (Mar. 23, 2011) (based on a 2010 unpublished analysis of Survey of Consumer Finances by Edward Wolff). 9. Id. at 9. 10. Carolyn J. Hill & Harry Holzer, Labor Market Experiences and Transition to Adulthood , in The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood 141–69 (Sheldon Danziger & Cecilia Elena Rouse eds., 2007). 11. One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008, Pew Res. Ctr. on the States 3 (2008). 12. Id. at 6. 13. Christopher Wildeman & Bruce Western, Incarceration in Fragile Families, 20 Future Child 157 (Fall 2010). 160 > 161 10. Arrow, The Theory of Discrimination. 11. The standard citation to these ideas is Joan Robinson, The Economics of Imperfect Competition (1934). For more recent treatments, see Francine D. Blau et al., The Economics of Women, Men and Work (1998). 12. See, e.g., Samuel George Morton, Crania Americana: Or, A Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations of North and South America (1839). 13. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man. 14. Lawrence D. Bobo, Racial Attitudes and Relations at the Close of the Twentieth Century, in America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences 265, 295 (Neil J. Smelser et al. eds., 2001). 15. See M. Bertrand & S. Mullainathan, Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination, 94 Am. Econ. Rev. 991 (2004). 16. Margery Austin Turner et al., Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase 1 of HDS 2000, Urb. Inst. 6–16 (2002). 17. William A. Darity & Samuel L. Myers, Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality in the United States since 1945 (1998). 18. Lincoln Quillian, New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination , 32 Ann. Rev. Sociol. 299 (2006) (reviewing work by Bobo, Bonilla-Silva and others on “kinder and gentler” antiblack attitudes). 19. For a detailed review of the implicit bias research, see C.T. Smith & Brian A. Nosek, Implicit Association Test in I. B. Weiner and W. E. Craighead, Corsini’s Encyclopedia of Psychology 803–04 (4th ed. 2010). 20. Scott Ottaway et al., Implicit Attitudes and Racism: Effects of Word Familiarity and Frequency on the Implicit Association Test, 19 Soc. Cog. 97 (2001). 21. Phillip E. Tetlock & Gregory Mitchell, Implicit Bias and Accountability Systems: What Must Organizations Do to Prevent Discrimination?, 29 Res. Org. Behav. 3 (2009). 22. See for example, Hart Blanton et al., Strong Claims and Weak Evidence: Reassessing the Predictive Validity of the IAT, 94 J. Appl. Psych. 567 (2009). 23. Jens Agerstrom & Dan-Olof Rooth, Implicit Prejudice and Ethnic Minorities: ArabMuslims in Sweden, 30 Int’l J. Manpower 43 (2009). 24. Oscar Lewis, The Culture of Poverty (1966). 25. Daniel P. Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965). 26. See Carol B. Stack, All Our Kin: Strategies For Survival in a Black Community (1974); Eleanor Burke Leacock, The Culture of Poverty: A Critique (1971); Charles A. Valentine, Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-Proposals (1968). Michael Harrington defended Lewis and Moynihan in The New American Poverty (1984). 27. For example, Carol Stack provided an alternative view of kinship networks that actually stabilized many families. For a general discussion of the critiques of the report, see William Julius Wilson, More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in 162 > 163 13. George W. Stocking & Myron W. Watkins, Cartels in Action: Case Studies in International...

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