Another Self: Middle-Class American Women and Their Friends in the Twentieth Century

Notes

Notes Notes to the Introduction 1. Jill McCorkle, “Cathy, Now and Then”; Carolyn See, “Best Friend, My Wellspring in the Wilderness!”; both in Mickey Pearlman, ed., Between Friends: Writing Women Celebrate Friendship (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 43, 73. 2. D. J. Enright and David Rawlinson, eds., The Oxford Book of Friendship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 96; Alberta Contarello and Chiara Volpato, “Images of Friendship: Literary Depictions through the Ages,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 8 (1991): 49–75; Harriette Andreadis, “The Sapphic-Platonics of Katherine Philips, 1632– 1664,” Signs 15, 1 (Autumn 1989); Janet Todd, Women’s Friendships in Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980); Tess Coslett, Woman to Woman: Female Friendship in Victorian Fiction (Atlantic Highlands , NJ: Humanities Press International, 1988). 3. Lysis and Phaedrus, Ethica Eudemia and Nicomachean Ethics, tr. H. Rackham , quoted in Enright and Rawlinson, eds., The Oxford Book of Friendship , 7; On Old Age and on Friendship, tr. Frank O. Copley (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1967); Francis Bacon, “On Friendship,” quoted in Louise Bernikow, Among Women (New York: Harmony Books, 1980), 117; “Of Friendship,” in The Complete Essays of Montaigne, ed. and tr. Donald M. Frame (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958); Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Friendship,” in Emerson’s Essays (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1951), 144, 148. For an interesting analysis of Western literature addressing love and friendship, see Allan Bloom, Love and Friendship (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993). 4. Mary Hunt, Fierce Tenderness: A Feminist Theology of Friendship (New York: Crossroad, 1992), 29. For a comprehensive overview of research on 181 the defining characteristics of women’s friendships, see Pat O’Connor, Friendships between Women: A Critical Review (New York and London: Guilford, 1992). 5. Janice Raymond, A Passion for Friends: Toward a Philosophy of Female Affection (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), 173–76. 6. Nancy Woloch, Women and the American Experience: A Concise History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 43. 7. Rebecca G. Adams, “Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Studying Friendships of Older Adults,” and Graham Allan and Rebecca Adams, “Aging and the Structure of Friendship,” in Rebecca G. Adams and Rosemary Blieszner, Older Adult Friendship: Structure and Process (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications 1989); Contarello and Volpato, “Images of Friendship.” 8. Graham Allan, Friendship: Developing a Sociological Perspective (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989); and “Class Variation in Friendship Patterns,” British Journal of Sociology 28, 3 (September 1977): 389–93. Allan and Rebecca Adams, “Aging and the Structure of Friendship,” 45. 9. Mark Snyder and Dave Smith, “Personality and Friendship: The Friendship Worlds of Self-Monitoring,” in Valerian J. Derlega and Barbara A. Winstead , eds., Friendship and Social Interaction (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986), 65–69; Steve Duck and Kris Pond, “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, Lend Me Your Retrospections: Rhetoric and Reality in Personal Relationships ,” and Clyde Hendrick, “Close Relationships,” in Clyde Hendrick, ed., Close Relationships (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1989), 1–16; 17–38. 10. See, for example, Jean Baker Miller, Toward a New Psychology of Women, 2d ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theories and Women’s Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); Ruthellen Josselson, The Space between Us: Exploring the Dimensions of Human Relationships (San Francisco: JosseyBass , 1992). See also the essays by Judith V. Jordan, Alexandra G. Kaplan, Jean Baker Miller, Irene P. Stiver, and Janet L. Surrey in Women’s Growth in Connection: Writings from the Stone Center (New York: Guilford Press, 1991). 11. Studies that address gender differences include Paul H. Wright, “Gender Differences in Adults’ Same- and Cross-Gender Friendships,” in Adams and Blieszner, Older Adult Friendship, 197–221; “Interpreting Research on Gender Differences in Friendship: A Case for Moderation and a Plea for Caution,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 45 (1988): 367–73; “Men’s Friendships, Women’s Friendships, and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter,” Sex Roles 8, 1:1–20; Paul H. Wright and Mary Beth Scanlon, “Gender Role Orientations and Friendship: Some Attenuation, but Gender 182 Notes to the Introduction Differences Abound,” Sex Roles 24, 9–10 (May 1991): 551–66; Steve Duck and Paul H. Wright, “Reexamining Gender Differences in Same-Gender Friendships: A Close Look at Two Kinds of Data,” Sex Roles 28, 11–12 (June 1993): 709–27; Sandra Gibbs Candy, Lillian E. Troll, and Sheldon G. Levy, “A Developmental Exploration of Friendship Functions in Women,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 5...