The Wrong Complexion for Protection: How the Government Response to Disaster Endangers African American Communities

Index

| 277 Index 9/11 attacks, 198 21st Century Youth Leadership Project, 222 Acts of God (Steinberg), 47 Adams, George, 120 affordable housing, 221–222 African Americans: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), suspicions of, 102; air quality, 3; asthma, deaths from, 54; biological weapons testing on, 186–187, 233; “Black Belt,” percent of population in, 5; black/white wealth gap, 217–218; BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill cleanup jobs, 173, 224; car ownership, 210; climate change, 51–52; compensation for losses, 232; confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), 69; Congress, seats held in, 6; elected officials, number of, 6; environmental problems facing, 177; farmers, 67–69, 130–131; Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 188, 222; in fenceline communities (see fenceline communities); “food deserts,” 92; hazardous waste sites, 23; health care, 181–183, 206–207; health insurance, 226–227; high-cost loans, 219–220; home ownership, 12–13, 218; Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 222; Hurricane Betsy (1965), 60; industrial pollution, 231; insurance, 75, 230; land ownership, 67–68; living standards following disasters, 217; marginalization of, 25; mental health, 215–216; middle-income, 19–20; mistrust of agencies staffed largely by whites, 216; mistrust of Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 102; mistrust of biomedical research, xvii, 184, 233; mistrust of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 59; mistrust of environmental cleanup, 233; mistrust of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 59; mistrust of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 59; mistrust of flu shots, 187–188; mistrust of government, xvii, 28, 41, 59–60, 125, 184, 216–217, 233; mistrust of health care system, 184–185; mistrust of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 59; mistrust of industrial facility permitting, 233; mistrust of medical establishment, xvii, 188, 233; mistrust of Red Cross, 215, 216–217; mistrust of “war on terrorism,” 233; in New Orleans, 31; ozone standards, 54; poisoning of in the South, 7–8; postal workers , 199; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 210; public transit use, 213; Red Cross, 188, 222; relocation from Archia Court (Baytown, Texas), 167; relocation under Superfund program, 119; reproductive injustice, 185–186; residential segregation , 65; the South, 4–6, 19; sterilization of black women, 185–186, 207; Superfund program, 231; toxic contamination, 102; transportation, 211, 212; unequal protection afforded, 1–2; U.S. Supreme Court, xvi; vulnerability, 65; “wrong complexion for protection,” belief in, xvi, 28 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): African Americans’ mistrust of, 102; to environmental justice leaders, 101; post-Katrina health care and testing, 97; post-Katrina response in New Orleans, 101–102; response to Hurricane Katrina (2005), 98, 188; security at chemical plants, 202–203 278 | Index Agricultural Economics and Land Ownership Survey (AELOS), 67 Agriculture Street landfill, 37, 112–115 Aiken County, South Carolina, 163 Air Hygiene Foundation, 158 air pollution, 107 air quality, 3 Alabama: Arrowhead landfill, 168–170; Birmingham, 220; “Black Belt,” 168, 170; black population, 223; Chantang Landfill , 175; economic performance indicators , 7; Elba, 10–11, 24; Emelle, 103, 133; FEMA trailers, 89; fenceline communities , 201; flood coverage, 229; garbage dumps, incinerators, 171; hazardous waste sites, 171; landfills, 171; Lowndes County, 170; Macon County, 170; Magnolia Landfill, 175; Mobile, 223; Perry County, 156, 168–169; Redstone Arsenal, 105; secondary insurance markets, 230; Selma, 222; Sumter County, 103–104; Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) coal ash spill (2008-2009), 156, 167–171; Timberland Landfill, 175; Triana, 105–106; Uniontown, 168, 169, 170–171; waste disposal facilities, 171 Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM), 103, 169–170 Albany, Georgia, 65–68 Albany State University (“Unsinkable Albany State”), 66 Alexander v. Sandoval, xvi Algiers, Louisiana, 222 Allstate, 228, 229, 230 American Chemistry Council, 196 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 20, 193 American Dream, 218 American Family insurance company, 228 American Sociological Association, 18 ammonium nitrate explosion (Texas City, 1947), 159 Annas, George, 198 anthrax attacks (2001), 187, 198–201, 208, 233 Arabi, Louisiana, 41 Arkansas, 7 Arrowhead landfill, 168–170 asbestos emissions standards, 96 Asians/Pacific Islanders: hazardous waste sites, 23; insurance, 227; ozone standards , 54; postal workers, 199; transportation options, 212 Associated Press (AP), 51, 172, 196 Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi), 215–216 Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), 219–220 asthma, deaths from, 54 Athens, Georgia, 123–125 Athens, Tennessee, 168 Athens-Clark County Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, 123–124 Atlanta: African Americans’ reverse migration to, 5–6; Allstate Zone 2 (Central Atlanta), 229; Allstate Zone 18 (north, northwest Atlanta), 229; Buckhead neighborhood, 229; C-Tran, 212; Cascade neighborhood, 228; decentralized employment, 213...