To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African-American WACS Stationed Overseas During World War II

Notes

Notes Notes to Chapter 1 1. Jess e Johnson , Black Women in the Armed Forces: 1942-1974 (Hampton, Va. : Jess e Johnson , 1974) , 47 ; Ulysse s Lee , United States Army in World War II: Special Studies: The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington , D.C. : U.S . Government Printin g Office , 1966) , 5 ; U.S. Department o f Defense , Offic e o f th e Assistan t Deput y o f Defens e for Equa l Opportunit y an d Safet y Policy , Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation (Washington , D.C. : U.S . Governmen t Printin g Office , 1985), 98. 2. Lee , Employment of Negro Troops, 422 . 3. Johnson , Black Women in the Armed Forces, 33. 4. D'An n Campbell , Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (Cambridge : Harvard Universit y Press, 1984), 25. 5. Mildre d McAfe e Horton , "Recollection s o f Captai n Mildre d McAfee, USN R (Ret.), " i n WAVES Officers of World War II, vol . 1 (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1971), 46-48. 6. Ibid. , 46-48. 7. Ibid. , 41. 8. Johnson , Black Women in the Armed Forces, 48. 9. Amon g th e magazine s wer e American, Cosmopolitan, Reader's Digest, an d Saturday Evening Post. Se e Maureen Honey , Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender, and Propaganda during World War II (Am herst : Universit y o f Massachusett s Press , 1984) , 117-20 ; Matti e E . 231 232 Notes to Chapter 1 Treadwell, United States Army in World War II: Special Studies: The Women's Army Corps (Washington , D.C. : U.S . Governmen t Printin g Office, 1954) , 187. 10. Johnson , Black Women in the Armed Forces, 21. 11. Se e Appendi x A fo r th e place s an d date s o f interview s wit h members o f th e 6888t h Centra l Posta l Director y Battalion . Al l quota tions throughout th e book fo r which sources are not indicated ar e taken from thes e interviews. 12. Alliso n Davis, Burleigh Gardner, and Mary Gardner, Deep South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941). There is a broad sociologi cal literatur e tha t support s th e fac t tha t Africa n American s lagge d be hind Europea n American s durin g th e Worl d Wa r I I era . Man y o f th e studies conducted durin g and just after th e war were heavily theoretical . See, fo r example , Olive r C . Cox , Caste, Class, and Race: A Study in Social Dynamics (Garde n City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1948) , 317-583 ; E . Franklin Frazier , The Negro in the United States, rev . ed . (Ne w York : Macmillan, 1957) ; Gunnar Myrdal , An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Ne w York : Harper , 1944) . Mor e recent studie s o n th e topic attempt t o explai n previous existin g theorie s through th e use of historical an d statistica l data . For a discussion abou t the impac t o f th e politica l econom y o n black-whit e relations , se e Wil liam J. Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago : Universit y o f Chicag o Press , 1980) . According t o Wilson , racia l conflic t durin g th e Worl d Wa r I I er a wa s influenced b y the nature of an industrial economy. Also see Bart Landry , The New Black Middle Class (Berkeley : Universit y o f Californi a Press , 1987); Stanle y Lieberson , A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants since 1880 (Berkeley : University of Californi a Press , 1980). Lieberson analyze s th e differentia l acces s Black s an d ne w whit e immigran t groups hav e had t o th e political an d lega l institutions, education , occu pations , and housing. O n pages 217—19 and 235 he produces statistica l evidence illustratin g tha t afte r th e Civi l Wa r northern-bor n Africa n American me n and women wer e actually better educated than southern , central, and eastern European immigrant s and were obtaining educatio n faster tha n northern-bor n White s wit h nativ e parents . Durin g Worl d War I, however, northern Blacks' education began to deteriorate. Lieberson attribute s thi s decline to an increase...