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>> 273 Notes Notes to the Introduction 1. Debra C. Minkoff, Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women’s and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955–1985 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995). 2. George T. Crane, “Collective Identity, Symbolic Mobilization, and Student Protest in Nanjing, China, 1988–1989,” Comparative Politics 26, no. 4 (July 1994): 400. 3. Joyce A. Hanson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Black Women’s Political Activism (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003). 4. Cathy Cohen, Democracy Remixed: Black Youth and the Future of American Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010); Jennifer Tilton, Dangerous or Endangered ? Race and the Politics of Youth in Urban America (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 9; Lester K. Spence, Stare in the Darkness: The Limits of Hip-Hop and Black Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011). 5. For a rebuttal of the postracial argument, see Robert Staples, “The Post Racial Presidency: The Myths of a Nation and Its People,” Journal of African American Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2010): 128–144. 6. Dominque Apollon, Don’t Call Them “Post-Racial”: Millennials’ Attitudes on Race, Racism and Key Systems in Our Society (Oakland, CA: Applied Research Center, 2012), 2, 21. 7. Rinku Sen, “Race and Occupy Wall Street,” Nation (October 26, 2011), http:// www.thenation.com/article/164212/race-and-occupy-wall-street# (accessed August 22, 2012). 8. Daniel HoSang, “Youth and Community Organizing Today” (New York: Funders’ Collaborative on Youth Organizing Occasional Paper Series on Youth Organizing , 2003), 7; Kay E. Sherwood and Julie Dressner, Youth Organizing: A New Generation of Social Activism (Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures, 2004), 27–48. 9. Jason Seawright and John Gerring, “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options,” Political Research Quarterly 61, no. 2 (June 2008): 301. 10. Jo Freeman, “Model for Analyzing the Strategic Options of Social Movement Organizations,” in Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, ed. Jo Freeman (New York: Longman, 1983), 207. 11. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 86. 12. Judith Taylor, “Organizational Elaboration as Social Movement Tactic: A Case Study of Strategic Leadership in the First US School-Sponsored 274 > 275 11. See Mancur Olson, Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 5–9, 131–135, 161; Seymour Lipset, Rebellion in the University (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), 34–46. 12. Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). 13. Aldon D. Morris, “Birmingham Confrontation Reconsidered: An Analysis of the Dynamics and Tactics of Mobilization,” American Sociological Review 58 (October 1993): 621–636. 14. Karl Mannheim, “The Sociological Problem of Generations,” in Studies in Social Movements: A Social Psychological Perspective, ed. Barry McLaughlin (New York: Free Press, 1969 [1951]), 352–369. Also see Alan B. Spitzer, “The Historical Problem of Generations,” American Historical Review 78, no. 5 (December 1973): 1361–1362; Karl Mannheim, “The Sociology of Knowledge,” in Ideology & Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace, 1985 [1936]), 270. 15. Young Wisdom Project of the Movement Strategy Center, Making Space, Making Change: Profiles of Youth-Led and Youth-Driven Organizations (Oakland, CA: Movement Strategy Center, 2004), 11. 16. Clarence Lang, “Political/Economic Restructuring and the Tasks of Radical Black Youth,” Black Scholar 28, nos. 3–4 (Fall–Winter 1998): 30–38; Jacinda Fairholm, “Seeking Justice for All,” Alternatives Journal 24, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 9. 17. Jennifer L. O’Donoghue, Benjamin Kirshner, and Milbrey W. McLaughlin, “Introduction: Moving Youth Participation Forward,” New Directions for Youth Development: Theory, Practice Research, and Youth Participation 96 (February 2003): 15–26. 18. Mannheim, “Sociological Problem of Generations,” 362. 19. Simpson, Tie That Binds; Walter W. Stafford, “The National Urban League Survey: Black America’s Under-35 Generation,” in The State of Black America, ed. Lee A. Daniels (Washington, D.C.: National Urban League, 2001); Celeste M. Watkins, “A Tale of Two Classes: The Socio-economic Divide among Black Americans Under 35,” in The State of Black America, ed. Lee A. Daniels (Washington , D.C.: National Urban League, 2001), 67–85; and David A. Bositus, Diverging Generations: The Transformation of African American Policy Views (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2001). 20. Bakari Kitwana, The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in AfricanAmerican Culture (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2002). 21. David Plotke, “What’s So New about New Social Movements,” in Social Movements...

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