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205 Index accomplice liability, 64. See also codefendants ; co-offending admonishment, 34, 90-91, 97, 125-128 adolescent brain development, 163-164, 166 adolescent decision-making: cognition versus judgment in, 163-164; peer influence and attitude toward risk in, 163, 165. See also culpability adolescent development, 162-165 adult prosecution of adolescents. See criminal prosecution of adolescents; transfer alternative to incarceration program (ATI) personnel in the Youth Part, 90, 127 alternative to incarceration (ATI) programs : cost compared to secure detention , 156; description of, 42, 76-78; rates of recidivism, 155-156; role in the Youth Part, 74-78, 89-91, 153, 155 bail, 66-68, 70-71, 102, 139, 145 Bortner, M. A., 15-16, 89 Bosket, Willie, 44, 46-48, 168 brain science, 163-166 Brennan, Justice William J., 171 burglary: as percentage of Juvenile Offender indictments, 56-59; role of discretion in charging decisions, 57-59 Butterfield, Fox, 44, 50 Butts, Jeffrey, 161 calendar days: description of, 21-26; drama and emotionality of, 25 Campaign for Youth Justice, 169 Cardozo, Justice Benjamin, 72-73 Carey, Governor Hugh, 45-47 Cauffman, Elizabeth, 12 Chandler, Marilyn, 63-64 Children’s Courts (New York), 26, 45, 63 child-saving, 2-4, 18-19, 70, 129, 150. See also parens patriae Citizens’ Committee for the Children of New York, 49-50 codefendants, 29, 39, 43, 64, 128, 147n13 contradictions: between legal and social status, 130-132; court actors’ management of, 13, 18, 129-130, 151; inherent in the criminal prosecution of adolescents , 3, 13, 18, 129, 150-151, 171; of legal labeling, 142-151 co-offending, 39, 64, 147n13; effect on crime statistics, 39n14 Corriero, Judge Michael: campaign to establish Youth Part, 28-29; description of, 25-26; retirement of, 167; as surrogate father, 90. See also paternalistic treatment of Youth Part defendants court decision-making: role of courtroom workgroups in, 20, 71-72, 75; role of extralegal factors in, 65, 133, 150. See also courtroom culture; courtroom workgroups courtroom culture: comparison with Kupchik’s study on, 125-129; delay and discretion within, 71-73, 133; removal and, 60; of the Youth Part, 2, 75-76, 101 “courtroom narratives,” 15, 19 courtroom workgroups, 20, 71-72, 75; role of cooperation and consensus in, 71-72 Coyle, Michael, 16 criminalization: of Black and Latino youth 11, 168; criminal justice language habits and, 16; of juvenile courts, 5-6, of youth, 9-12, 168. See also race Criminal Justice Agency, 88, 152-155 INDEX 206 Index criminal prosecution of adolescents, 3-4, 6-8; annual number of cases of, 8; case-processing challenges created by, 12; diversity of state laws allowing, 7-8; normalization of, 12, 160; public attitudes toward, 162. See also transfer culpability, adolescent, 12-13, 64, 125, 162-166; cognition and psychosocial factors in, 163-166 culture. See courtroom culture curfew, 2, 34, 77, 78, 132, 134 DeBrovner, Caroline, 16, 89, 133 defense attorneys: co-operation with the Youth Part, 64, 71-72, 74; description of, 23, 32-33; expertise in Juvenile Offender cases, 43, 143 delay: routine in courts, 24-25, 43; intentional use of in the Youth Part, 72-76, 115, 143 “designated felony,” 45, 63 deterrence: and transfer, 160-161 developmental psychology. See adolescent development DiIulio, John, 10 direct file. See prosecutorial waiver discretion, 18, 20, 58-59, 73, 125. See also judicial discretion; prosecutorial discretion discursive tactics, 19, 91, 128 diversion, 3, 60, 76, 88, 91, 156. See also alternative to incarceration (ATI) programs ; Youthful Offender Treatment drugs. See marijuana drug testing, 34, 77 due process, 4-6, 12, 127, 171. See also Kent v. Washington; In re Gault; In re Winship electoral politics: role in passage of Juvenile Offender Law, 44, 46-48 extralegal factors, 62, 65, 150, 171. See also court decision-making Fagan, Jeffrey, 9, 45, 46, 128 families: description of, 21-22, 24, 32-33; gender and, 22; non-verbal communication among, 36-38. See also parents Family Court Act of 1962 (New York), 45 Family Court (New York), 39, 45, 142; removal to, 59-60; simultaneous prosecutions in, 142-145 Feld, Barry, 6 gender disparity, 17; of court actors, 3233 ; of Juvenile Offenders, 32, 52-53; and transfer, 52n45 girls, 32, 52-53 grades, 2, 34, 158 Graham v. Florida, 165-166 Grisso, Thomas, 163 guns: and eligibility for Youthful Offender treatment, 63; role in sentencing , 1, 87 gun violence, 9 handcuffs, 35-36 House of Refuge. See New York House of Refuge humanizing justice, 170-172 humor, role of, 94, 117...

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