America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army

Notes

Notes Notes to the Prefau I. John Adams quoted in John Ferling, "Gh That I Was a Soldier: John Adams and the Anguish of War," American Quarterly (Summer 1984): 258-75. 2. Charles Lee to James Bowdoin, 30 November 1776, Strictures on a Pamphlet (Philadelphia , 1774), in "Charles Lee Papers," New York Historical Society Collection (New York, 1878),5, 323-24. 3. Lawrence Delbert Cress, Citizens in Arms: The Army and the Militia in American Society to the War of 1812 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 7; James Kirby Martin, In the Course of Human Events: An Interpretive Exploration ofthe American Revolution (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1979), 132-34; and James Kirby Martin and Mark E. Lender, A Respectable Army: The Military Origins ofthe Republic (Arlington Heights, III.: Harlan Davidson, 1982),3-6. 4. John Ferling, "Gh That I Was a Soldier," 258. An example of modern commentators erroneously skewing the true composition of the army is found in Merrill Jensen's statement that "most of the soldiers were free men: farmers and their sons and the independent mechanics and artisans of the towns." See Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History ofthe United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789 (New York: Knopf, 1950), 32-33. Charles Royster, in A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775-1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), even used biblical terms-"the Army of Israel"-to characterize the Continental army as one with an elevated sense of motivation and composition. For an excellent criticism of Revolutionary War historians perpetuating the myth of the "yeoman farmer"-turned-soldier, see Mark Lender, "The Enlisted Line" (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1975), Introduction; Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, 1-29. 5. John Shy, "A New Look at Colonial Militia," in The Military in America: From the Colonial Era to the Present, ed. Peter Karsten (New York: Free Press, 1986), 32. 6. John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Strugglefor American Independence (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990),23. 7. Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, 6-8. 168 • Notes to the Prologue 8. Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 14 March 1779, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961-66), 2:1719; William G. Simms, ed., The Army Correspondence ofjohn Laurens (New York: Bradford Club, 1867), 108-9, I 14-1 8; journals ofthe Continental Congress, hereafter JCC, vol. 2, 28 July 1775; vol. 5, 17 June 1776; Archives of Maryland, Muster Rolls and Other Records ofthe Service ofMaryland Troops in the American Revolution, vol. 18 (Annapolis: Maryland Hall of Records), 56365 ; Staatesbote, I August 1775, pamphlet collections of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Philadelphia, 34; George Washington to the President of Congress, 19 April 1776, in Papers ofthe Continental Congress, hereafter PCC, reel 186, item 169, 1:291-96; Rhode Island Archives: Records of the State of Rhode Island, December 1777-0ctober 1779, 10:41; and "Journal of the Second Council of Safety," Collections ofthe South Carolina Historical Society, 3:253. Notes to the Prologue I. Voltaire, Candide, ed. John Butt (New York: Penguin Books, translated from the original French edition, 1758; reprint, 1947), 22-24 (page references are to the reprint edition). Voltaire chose as the setting for his satirical classic the German principality of Westphalia. 2. Ibid., 22-24; Dave R. Palmer, The Way of the Fox: American Strategy in the War for America, 1775-1783 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975), 18. After partially completing his punishment for desertion, every nerve and muscle in Candide's back had been laid bare. Rather than complete the punishment, he begged to be beheaded instead. Although Voltaire exaggerated the penalty given Candide, he nonetheless demonstrated for . his reading public the capriciousness of military justice and the brutality of eighteenthcentury army life. 3. Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 14 March 1779, in Papers ofAlexander Hamilton, ed. Howard Syrett (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 2:17-18. 4. Christopher Donnelly, Red Banner: The Soviet Military System in Peace and War (Alexandria , Va.: jane's Publishing, 1988), 41. For a discussion of the contractual nature of soldiering in America, see Fred Anderson, A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 1984. 5. Arthur J. Alexander, "How Maryland Tried to Raise Her Continental Quotas," Maryland Historical Magazine (1947): 185-86; [Council to Delegates at Congress...