Crown of Thorns: Political Martyrdom in America From Abraham Lincoln to Martin Luther King, Jr.

Notes

•tales Introduction i . For information about religious literature in early America see Schneider and Dornbusch, Popular Religion. 2. For a discussion of the American self-perception as God's Chosen People see Burns, American Idea; Hay, ''Providence"; Bloomenfield, Alarms and Diversions ; Nimmo and Combs, Subliminal Politics, 227-39; Tuveson, Redeemer Nation; Bercovitch, Puritan Origins, 136-63 and American jeremiad; Moorehead , "Progress and Apocalypse." 3. Walt Whitman, "The Death of Abraham Lincoln," in Barton, Lincoln and Whitman, 228. 4. Ninde, American Hymns, 252. 5. Auden, Poems, 335. 6. Wolf, in Freedom's Altar, described the martyr complex in the abolitionist movement. Bercovitch, in American jeremiad, offered a philosophy of American history in which Christianity and its secular impress are paramount. Within his analysis on the Puritan concept of errand he mentioned the idea of sacrifice and martyrdom. Michael Rogin, in his article "The King's Two Bodies," analyzed the martyr self-image of presidents Lincoln, Wilson, and Nixon. To the best of my knowledge these are the only works that analyze the concept of martyrdom and the image of a martyr from a historical perspective . ]. Suffering for the Sin of Slavery 1. Marineau, Martyr Age, 82, 84. 2. On the concept of American civil religion, see Bellah, Broken Covenant. 3. "All over the North men heard eulogies of abolition martyrs, sacrificed to the 193 i94 NOTES inhumanity of the slave holder, and the conviction grew no peace in America until Southerners lived that there could be according to the Christian and democratic principles." Wolf, Freedom's Altar, xi. 45 6 . 7Tanner , Martyrdom of Lovejoy, 90-91 . Thompson, Prison Life, 14—15. Perry, Ibid., Radical Abolitionism, 48. 90. 8. Liberator, Jan. i, 1831. 9. Quoted in Merrill, Wind and Tide, 46. 10. 1 1. 12. 1314 . Garrison and Garrison, Words of Garrison, 15 Merrill, Wind and Tide, 48. Ibid., 107. Wendell Phillips, "Helen Eliza Garrison," Letters> 455in Phillips I gathered most of the information on abolitionist , Speeches martyrs monographs, relying especially upon Hume, Abolitionists; tar; Sorin, Abolitionism; Duberman, Antislai^ery Vanguard; 1 5riors . Stone, Martyr of Freedom. This address was delivered 30, 1837, and Machias, Dec. 7, 1837, by Thomas at T. , Lectures from Wolf, , and historical Freedom's A/Stewart , East Holy Machias, Stone, pastor WarNov . of a church in East Machias, Maine. 16. The Martyr, a discourse delivered in Broadway Tabernacle, New in Bleecker Street Church, Utica, by Beriah Green, president of YorL, and the Oneida Institute; Root, Memorial; Tracy, Sermon. *718 . 19. 20. 21. 22. 2324 . 2526 . 2728 . 29. 30. 31 Liberator , Oct. 19, 1833. Tanner, Martyrdom of Lovejoy, 68. Thompson, Prison Life, 14-15. F. G. Villard, Garrison on N on-Resistance, 33-34Liberator , Nov. 4, 1837. Ibid., Ibid., Dec. 15, 1837. Dec. 16, 1837. Quoted from Merrill, Wind and Tide, 109-10; also see SGarrison, 387.wift, Garrison and Garrison, Words of Garrison, 13 Liberator, Nov. 7, 1835. Tanner, Martyrdom of Lovejoy, 8-9. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., "Does 159-62. 159-60. 164-65. anyone ask how we feel in view Thompson from jail, "we answer, happy, sured that our King will cause 'the wrath r of our sentence?" contented, of man and the great cause for Liberty by our unwortsufferiLiberator, Nov . 26,ng."hy 3233 1841 . wrote George cheerful, . . praise Him' . being asand extend Martyn, Phillips, 164-65. Madison, Critics and Crusaders, 65. NOTES 195 3435 36 37 38 39 40 . 4i. Tanner, Martyrdom of Lovejoy, 68, 70. Dimmock, Lovejoy, 14. This is an address he delivered at Unity, St Louis, Mar. 14, 1888. Crosby, Garrison, 131, 133. Stearns, Fugitive Slave Law, 25-26. the Church of the A. H. Grimke, Eulogy, 23, 37-38. This eulogy was delivered in Tremont Temple, Boston, Apr. 9, 1884. Dimmock, Lovejoy. In this address the speaker regretted knew the name Lovejoy, and with the passage of time would sink into oblivion. F. G. Villard, Garrison on N on-Resistance, 70. that almost nobody all his martyrdom Lucy Stone's tribute in Tributes to Garrison, 18; Wendell Phillips Stafford, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, oration on Nov. 28, 1911, at Park Street Church, Boston, in Stafford, Wendell Phil42 . 4344 45 46 . 47lips , 6-7, 30; Crosby, Garrison, 124. Garrison and Garrison, Words of Garrison, 12. Lovejoy compared himself to a prophet in his letters, see Tanner, Martyrdom of Lovejoy, 91; Crosby called Garrison a Hebrew prophet, Chapman, Garrison, 134, 181-82. Garrison...