Illegal, Alien, or Immigrant: The Politics of Immigration Reform

Index

221 AFL-CIO, 76. See also Labor interests AgJobs, 180 “Agrarian myth,” 73. See also Family farmer Agricultural employers, negative constructions , 164 Agricultural interests, influence on IRCA, 50–52 Agriculture: perishable fruit growers, 165; as policy target, interest groups, 70–71, 76–80, 82; positive social construction and power, 165; privileged political position of, 165 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 117 American citizenship: different models of, IRCA vs. IIRAIRA, 158; and “hard work,” 157; self-sufficiency, 157; social construction of, 157; taxpaying and social construction of, 158 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 76, 175 “American dream,” 19, 143–144. See also Immigration mythology Americanization movement, 12 Amnesty. See Legalization (IRCA, 1980s) “Anchor babies,” 156. See also Birthright citizenship Ascriptive citizenship, 15 Asian Americans, as “permanent foreigners ,” 22. See also Racial triangulation theory Asian immigration: exclusion of laborers , 26; immigration from, 145, 153, 169; restriction, 12; restriction compared to eastern and southern Europeans, 20. See also China, as source of immigration; India, as source of immigration; Philippines , as source of immigration Asian triangle, 12 Balanced budget conservatism, 21, 61, 164, 195n30 Benefits reinstatement, 8, 135 Bilbray, Brian (R-CA), 119, 120 Birthright citizenship, 157–159; efforts to revoke , 154, 175; as migration inducement, 154. See also Fourteenth Amendment; Gallegly amendment “Boot-strapping.” See Birthright citizenship, as migration inducement Border: and cultural, economic dynamism, 151–152; as euphemism for Mexicans, 147; expansion of Minuteman Project to, 174; fence project, 178; and immorality, 150; as “lawless,” 118–120, 149; pathologies of, 30; race and enforcement, 13; security, 172; as stigma, 148–152, 154; U.S.-Canada, 148, 150; U.S.-Mexico, 146 Border enforcement, and return migration , 53 Border Patrol, 28, 52, 56, 173; and Minuteman Project, 174; and Operation Wetback , 96 Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, 206n14 Bracero program, 27, 78–79, 190n74, 191n80 Bush, George W., 10, 171; attempts to lead on immigration reform, 179; guest worker program proposals, 171; reaction to Minuteman Project, 173; televised address in support of immigration reform, 177 Business interests, and 2007 Senate plan for immigration reform, 179 California, 2, 10; 1994 general election, 104; and illegal immigration concerns, 44–45, 55–57; and recession, 44, 56. Index Newton_pp221-226.indd 221 Newton_pp221-226.indd 221 5/3/08 3:57:44 PM 5/3/08 3:57:44 PM 222 Index California (continued) See also Proposition 187 (California); Wilson, Pete (R-CA) Canada, as source of illegal immigration, 150 Cardenas, Lazaro, 142 Central America, and political instability, 149 Chertoff, Michael, 178 China, 12; as source of immigration, 152; as source of legal immigration, 169 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 12; as race policy, 12; resulting labor shortages, 26 Chrysler amendment (to H.R. 2202), 139–140 Citizenship, 158–162; derivative, and social construction of deserving, 31 as “tax-paying ” 178. See also Ascriptive citizenship; Birthright citizenship; Fiscal citizenship; Fourteenth Amendment Civic myth, immigration as, 163 Civil Rights, 9, 11, 14, 17; effects on proimmigration lobby, 184n8 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 8 Clinton, Bill, 9, 53, 58; position on immigration reform, 106 Coded language, 138. See also Elite racism; Critical discourse analysis methods; Race Commission on Immigration Reform, 54, 63, 157 Congressional Record, as hortatory language , 36 Contract with America, 9–10, 57, 112 Criminal Alien Narrative, and the 1996 IIRAIRA, 115 Critical discourse analysis methods, 36–38; elite discourse and racism 38, 138–139 “Day without an Immigrant” protest, 181 Democrats, 2006 and immigration reform efforts, 178. See also Clinton, Bill; Parties Department of Homeland Security, 172, 173 Department of Labor, 124 Deportation, debated in 1980s, 95–96. See also Operation Wetback (1954) Discrimination: and employer sanctions, 80–83; in open field raids by INS, 83–85 Diversity Program. See Immigration and Nationality Act of 1990 DREAM Act, 180 Edelman, Murray, 3, 19, 33, 36, 163 Elections. See Mexico, 2000 election; U.S. elections Employer sanctions, 46–49, 69, 80–83 Employers: as policy target groups, 121–123, 130–133; social constructions of, 165 Employment verification programs, 123, 129 English-Only state laws, 33–34 Ethnic interests, 48, 76; divisions over 2007 Senate immigration plan, 179 European immigrants, 27; illegal, 29; restriction of, 20 European immigration, and social construction of “deserving” immigrants, 152; and immigration mythology, 2, 153; juxtaposition with Mexican immigrants, 153 Family farmer, 166; as IRCA policy narrative , 73–75. See also “Agrarian myth” Family reunification, 14, 28; attempts to reform, 7, 106 Farm Security and Rural Reinvestment Act of 2002, 135 Filipino immigrants: deportation...