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Bibliographical Essay
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Bibliographical Essa y The mos t importan t source s fo r thi s work were th e primar y ones , espe cially the more than one hundred avant-gard e little magazines and exhibition catalog s an d th e pape r collection s tha t I examined . Thos e tha t ar e quoted directly are cited in the notes. The secondar y sources on the avant garde constitute a vast and grow ing literature. I canno t clai m t o have seen al l of it, but I have sampled a large portion. This essay is to acknowledge the works, in addition to those cited in the notes, that I found particularl y useful i n writing this work. (A more fully annotated version of this work is in the collections of the Ohi o State University library.) Of general works o n th e avan t garde, two were particularly helpful t o me in formulating m y understanding of the movement: Renat o Poggioli , The Theory of the Avant-Garde, translate d b y Geral d Fitzgeral d (Cam bridge : Harvard Universit y Press , 1968) ; and Pete r Burger , Theory of the Avant-Garde, translate d b y Michae l Sha w (Minneapolis : Universit y o f Minnesota Press , 1984) . Othe r volume s tha t I foun d insightfu l wer e Charles Russell , Poets, Prophets, and Revolutionaries: The Literary Avant Garde fromRimbaud through Postmodernism (New York: Oxford Universit y Press, 1985); Christopher Butler, After the Wake: An Essay on the Contemporary Avant-Garde (Oxford : Oxfor d Universit y Press , 1980) ; Mati e Cal inescu , Five Faces of Modernity:Modernism, Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (Durham, N.C. : Duk e Universit y Press , 1987) ; Arnol d Hauser, The Sociology of Art,translate d by Kenneth J. Northcott (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1982) ; Frederick J. Hoffman, Charle s Allen, and Caroly n E Ulrich , The Little Magazine: A History and Bibliography (Princeton: Princeto n Universit y Press , 1946) ; Albert Parry , Garrets and 215 216 • BIBLIOGRAPHICA L ESSA Y Pretenders: A History ofBohemianism in America (New York: Covici, Friede, 1933); Emil y Harm , Romantic Rebels: An Informal History of Bohemia in America (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1967) ; and Richard Miller, Bohemia: The Protoculture Then and Now (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977) . Memoirs ca n provid e a vivi d pictur e o f avant-gard e communities . Three differen t perspective s on the last American vanguard ca n be foun d in Da n Wakefield , New York in the Fifties (Boston : Houghto n Mifflin / Seymour Lawrence , 1992) ; Joyc e Johnson , Minor Characters (Boston: Houghton Mifflin , 1983) ; an d m y favorite , th e luminou s Hetti e Jones , How I Became Hettie Jones (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1990) . For an excellent discussio n o f the cultur e o f modernism an d the avan t garde i n a n America n context , se e Davi d Josep h Singal , "Toward s a Definition o f American Modernism," American Quarterly 39 (1987): 7-26, and als o th e othe r essay s i n thi s issue , whic h i s devote d t o America n modernism. Othe r work s I foun d helpfu l wer e Hug h Kenner , A Homemade World: The American Modernist Writers (New York: William Morrow, 1975); an d th e essay s i n Malcol m Bradbur y an d James McFarlane , eds. , Modernism: 1890-1930 (Harmondsworth , U.K. : Penguin, 1976) . On th e postwa r America n literar y avan t garde , I foun d th e wor k o f Anthony Linick , Harr y Russel l Huebel , Jr. , Jame s E . B . Breslin , Joh n Tytell, and Michael Davidson , al l cited in the notes , to be very informa tive . A useful bibliograph y i s Morgen Hickey , The Bohemian Register: An Annotated Bibliography of the Beat Literary Movement (Metuchen , N.J. : Scarecrow Press , 1990) . For individua l biographica l an d literar y studies , see th e entrie s i n An n Charters , ed. , The Beats: Literary Bohemians in Postwar America (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983). On avant-gard e painting and sculpture of the postwar years, the works of Irvin g Sandler , Stephe n Polcari , Thoma s Albright , an d Sidra h Stic h cited i n th e note s ar e goo d startin g points . Als o insightfu l i s Alwynn e Mackie, Art/Talk...