In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

Notes NOTES T O CHAPTE R I i. O n cance r incidence and mortality rate increases, see Davis and Hoel (1992); Davis, Dinse , an d Hoe l (1994a : 431 ) citin g Ries , Hankey , an d Edward s (1990) ; Epstein (1993) ; an d Wing , Tong , an d Bolde n (1995 : 12-16) . Rate s ar e als o pub lished b y th e America n Cance r Societ y (1992 ) an d Nationa l Cance r Institut e (1991). Only a few cancer s (suc h as stomach cancer ) sho w a decline. The explana tions for th e growt h in cance r incidence ar e the subjec t o f heated debat e (Procto r 1995: chs. 3-6; Wright 1991) . 2. McGinnes s (1991 ) review s th e differen t estimate s o f user s o f alternativ e cancer therapies , an d Eisenber g e t al . (1993 ) provid e th e estimat e o f th e large r population of alternative medicine users. For an overview of legislative changes, see Sale (1995) . For review s o f major alternativ e cance r therapies , se e Falcon e (1994) ; Moss (1992); Pelton and Overholser (1994) ; and Walters (1993). 3. Fo r sources on the controversy over survival rates, see Epstein (1993 : 18-19) ; Proctor (1995 : 4, 252); Lerner (1994 : 51-54); Moss (1992 , 1995) ; and Wing, Tong , and Bolden (1995). 4. See , fo r example , Lakato s (1978 ) an d Lauda n (1977) , wh o i n tur n wer e developing a more specific alternative to Kuhn's (1970) concept of paradigms. NOTES T O CHAPTE R 2 i. Persona l correspondence, Nauts to Hess, December 20, 1995. 2. Persona l correspondence, Nauts to Hess, December 20, 1995, and March 29, 1996. 3. Persona l correspondence, Nauts to Hess, December 20, 1995. 4. Th e firs t version (Park e Davis IX, 1899—1906 ) was "very weak"; th e secon d (Parke Davis XII, 1906-15 ) was "a little more effective"; an d the third (Park e Davis XIII, 1915-51) , wa s "bette r tha n XII. " Persona l correspondence , Naut s t o Hess , December 20 , 1995 . On Liste r Institute products, personal correspondence , Naut s to Hess, March 29, 1996. 5. Low y (1993 : 340-41) . Th e studie s include d Shwartzma n an d Michailovsk y (1932) and Duran-Reynals (1933) , followed by Shear et al. (1943). 6. I n 194 3 Murray J. Shear , a t the Nationa l Cance r Institute , isolate d wha t h e 189 190 I Notes to Chapter 2 believed t o b e th e activ e substanc e i n th e Cole y toxins , a lipopolysaccarid e i n Serratia marcenscens. Thi s discover y wa s "importan t t o th e later discover y o f tumo r necrosis factor " (Ol d 1988 : 60). Ol d (1988 ) review s subsequen t researc h o n TN F and immunotherapies , an d Roo k (1992 ) an d Starne s (1992 ) discus s th e revive d interest i n Coley' s toxins . O n th e cascad e o f cytokines, se e Wiemann an d Starne s (1994). Research o n TNF an d bacterial vaccines is also mentioned i n the Office o f Technology Assessmen t repor t o n BC G b y historia n Patrici a Spai n War d (1996) . According to Moss (1989 : 128) and Hildenbrand in his foreword t o Haught (1991 : ix-xi), th e OT A staf f refuse d t o circulat e Ward' s papers , includin g he r histor y o f BCG whic h mention s th e TN F research . Thes e paper s becam e par t o f a bitte r controversy an d charge s tha t OT A staf f was manipulating contrac t report s fo r th e final report (Offic e o f Technology Assessment 1990 ; Moss 1996). 7. Persona l correspondence, Nauts to Hess, December 20, 1995. 8. Persona l correspondence, Nauts to Hess, December 20, 1995. 9. Fo r example , New York Post, April 17 , 1936 ; New York Times, April 1 6 and 17, 1936. 10. Naut s (1995 : 25) , amende d b y persona l correspondence , Naut s t o Hess , March 29, 1996. 11. Lette r from Rhoads to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., December 29, 1941, Friends and Services , Doctors...

Share