Who's Your Paddy?: Racial Expectations and the Struggle for Irish American Identity

Notes

>> 247 Notes Notes to Introduction 1. United States v. Nickels et al., 18 F. 242 (S.D.N.Y., 1993); “Irish Family Describes Anger over Beating,” New York Times, May 8, 1993, B26; “Irish Charged in Yonkers Fracas,” Irish Echo, January 17, 1996, 1; “Irish Trio Charged in Brawl with Yonkers Police, Brutality Allegations Rise Again,” Irish Voice, January 17, 1996, 3. 2. Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 17–18. Because of this disparity, when I refer to people by race, I use “white” instead of “White,” and “Black” instead of “black.” 3. Scholarly examinations of this topic include Richard Stivers, A Hair of the Dog: Irish Drinking and the American Stereotype (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977); Monica McGoldrick, ed., “Irish Families,” Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 3rd ed. (New York: Guildford Press, 2005), 595–615. For debates among Irish Americans over drinking on St. Patrick’s Day, see “Irish Americans Attack Beer-Ad Images,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 1992, B4; “Ethnic Clichés Evoke Anger in Irish Eyes,” New York Times, March 12, 1995, http://www.nytimes. com/1995/03/12/nyregion/on-sunday-ethnic-cliches-evoke-anger-in-irish-eyes. html; “In the Absence of Challenges, Irish Stereotypes Persist,” Irish Echo, January 8, 2003, 16; “What Exactly Is Anti-Irish?,” Irish Voice, July 19, 2006, 11; “Family Guy Calls Irish ‘Drunks,’” Irish Voice, April 25, 2007, 6; “Family Guy Follies,” Irish Voice, April 25, 2007, 14; “Glee Show with Damian McGinty Is a Disgrace,” Irish Voice, http://www.irishcentral.com/story/news/people_and_politics/glee-showwith -leprechaun-damien-mcginty-a-disgrace-producer-ryan-murphy-owesfellow -irish-an-apology-133060398.html. 4. Linda Dowling Almeida has referred to the 1980s Irish as the “new” Irish. See Irish Immigrants in New York City (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001). Sara Brady has referred to more recent Irish arrivals as the “newer” Irish, in “Newer Irish in New York: Technology and the Experience of Immigration,” Foilsiu 1, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 95–106. Additional studies of the new Irish migration include Mary P. Corcoran, Irish Illegals: Transients between Societies (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); A. P. Lobo and J. J. Salvo, “Resurgent Irish Immigration to the US in the 1980s and 1990s: A Socio-demographic Profile,” International Migration 36, no. 2 (1998): 258–277. For a discussion of the continued, albeit smaller, migration from Ireland, see Brendan Bartley and Rob Kitchin, “Ireland in 248 > 249 West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999); Milton Vickerman, Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Nicholas De Genova, Working the Boundaries: Race, Space and “Illegality” in Mexican Chicago (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005); Beth Frankel Merenstein, Immigrants and Modern Racism: Reproducing Inequality (London: Lynne Rienner, 2008); Lorrin Thomas, Puerto Rican Citizen: History and Political Identity in Twentieth-Century New York City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Eichiro Azuma, Between Two Empires: Race, History and Transnationalism in Japanese America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Antonio Tiongson, Edgardo Gutierrez, and Ricardo Gutierrez, eds., Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006). 9. Michael K. Brown, Martin Carnoy, Elliot Currie, Troy Duster, David B. Oppenheimer , Marjorie M. Schultz, and David Wellman, Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America, 3rd ed. (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009); Moon Kie-Jung, Joao Helion Costa Vargas, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, eds. The State of White Supremacy: Racism, Governance and the United States (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010); Duggan, The Twilight of Equality? 10. A racial project is defined as “simultaneously an interpretation, representation, or explanation of racial dynamics, and an effort to reorganize and redistribute resources along particular racial lines.” Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, from the 1960s to the 1990s, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994). 11. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 5; Imani Perry, More Beautiful and More Terrible : The Embrace and Transcendence of Racial Inequality in the United States (New York: NYU Press, 2011). 12. Hasia Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983); Hasia Diner, Hungering for America: Italian, Irish and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Timothy J. Meagher...