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Adoption: functioning in families created by, 27–29; gay men choosing, 97, 119–120; lesbians choosing, 95–97, 119–120; openness about, 31; transracial, 29–30 Advantages of gay and lesbian families , 66, 128–132, 176–177 American Psychiatric Association, 1 American Psychological Association , 1 Androgyny, 45–46 Attachment, 11–13 Boy Scouts of America, 3 Child custody, 2, 57, 121–122 Child outcome, 4 Children of gay and lesbian parents: intellectual functioning, 37; peer relationships, 37–39, 64; psychological adjustment, 39–42, 43–44; sexual orientation, 50–52 Concerns about gay and lesbian family , 126–128 Control group, 75–76, 174–175 Developmental context, 19–21 Division of labor, 18–19, 149–156; gay fathers’, 156–158; lesbian mothers’, 60–61, 62, 150 Donor insemination, 23; effects on child, 23–24; explanation to child, 26, 63; functioning in families created by, 24–26; lesbians’ experience , 117–119; reasons for choosing , 91–95. See also Extended family Extended family, 64, 170; and adoption , 113–114; and donor insemination , 106–107; and gay fathers, 108–110; and lesbians, 103–106, 107–108, 110–112 Gay and lesbian families, heterogeneity , 5, 171–172 Gay and lesbian parents: discipline, 165–168; functioning, 166–170; parenting values, 132–134; parenting wishes, 134–136. See also Division of labor, gay fathers’; Division of labor, lesbian mothers’ Gay fathers: disclosure, 64–65; lack of research on, 172–173; parenting by, 65; vs. lesbian mothers, 65–66. See also Gay and lesbian parents Gender development, 44, 46–49 Lesbian break-ups, 63 Lesbian mothers: decision to have children, 88–90; primary, 59–64; psychological health, 58–59. See also Gay and lesbian parents National Study of Gay and Lesbian Parents: measures used, 79–81; participant recruitment, 78–79; participants, 81–83, 84–87 191 Index Openness, 144–148; by lesbian mothers , 62; with doctors, 136–139; with teachers, 139–144 Parental relationship, 16–18; alliance, 158–162; in lesbian families, 61–62; satisfaction, 162–164 Parental stress, 19 Parenting styles, 14–16 Patterson, C., 49, 60, 69, 72, 150, 152 Research design, 74–75, 175–176 Research methodology: cohort effect, 73–74; number of participants, 72–73; participants, 68–72. See also Control group; Research design Savage, D., 49 Self–esteem, adolescents, 33–34 Social support, 19, 173–174; by friends, 114–115; by employers, 115–116; of lesbian mothers, 63 Stepfamilies, 31–33, 120–121, 122; lesbian mothers in, 33, 34; lesbian vs. heterosexual mothers’, 56–57 Surrogacy, gay fathers choosing, 98, 99–102 Index / 192 ...

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