Bodies of Reform: The Rhetoric of Character in Gilded Age America

Index

285 Index adversity, in character building, 23, 92–93, 192, 251n71 Agassiz, Louis, 162 Alcott, Amos, 14, 247n34 Alcott, Louisa May, 7, 28, 73 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 72, 74, 75, 260–261n26 Alger, Horatio Jr., 16, 72, 73, 249n44 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1795, 14 Alryyes, Ala A., 263n64 “The American Boy” (Roosevelt), 266n16 American character: Cheryl Walker on, 243n4; confidence man as embodiment, 2, 38, 63–64; as focus of studies, 9–10; in nationalist discourse, 2, 243n4. See also national character The American Claimant (Twain), 70 American Dictionary of the English Language (Webster): definition of character, 5, 10; definition of reputation, 17 Americanization: as assimilationist, 229–230; reinterpreted by Addams, 207, 230–231, 234 “Americanization” (Addams), 283n37 Americanization (ed. Talbot and Johnson), 283n36 American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences (Beard), 217, 282n22 Analyzing Character: The New Science Abbott, Jacob, 72 abolitionists: appropriation of rhetoric of character, 21–22, 158; and Sojourner Truth, 112–116. See also Douglass, Frederick Adams, Charles Francis, 63 Adams, John Quincy, 63 Addams, Jane: Americanization reinterpreted by, 207, 230–231, 234; character building through crosscultural exchange, 207, 224–225, 228– 229, 233–234; concept of habit, 231–232; critique of class emulation, 225–227; as physical culture advocate, 15, 234–237; as pragmatist, 231–232; and progressivism, 205, 207, 227, 231; rhetorical innovations, 238–242; social ethic concept, 218–220, 239–242; status as reformer, 205–206. See also Democracy and Social Ethics; Twenty Years at Hull House Addams, John H., 213 adolescent boy ideal. See “bad boy” figure “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites” (Pratt), 283n35 Adventures in Habit-Craft (Schauffler), 262n61 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 66 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Twain), 66, 73, 75 Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. 286 Index character, 210; and women’s exercise, 145 Beecher, Henry Ward, 14, 247n34 Being a Boy (Warner), 74, 260–261n26 Bell, Michael Davitt, 66 Bellamy, Edward, 255n107 Benjamin, Walter, 18, 92, 157 Berlant, Lauren, 253n93 Bernhardt, Sarah, 109, 110 Bertillon, Alphonse, 125 Bhabha, Homi, 13, 56 The Bigelow Papers (Lowell), 64 Billy Budd, Sailor (Melville), 256–257n19 Blaikie, William, 46, 270–271n88 The Bluest Eye (Morrison), 52 bodybuilding. See physical culture movement Boeckmann, Cathy: on racial science, 161; on realist characterization, 179; on Twain and phrenology, 71 Bourdieu, Pierre, 282n18 boyology: and A Connecticut Yankee, 68–69, 80–83; and character-building agencies, 81–82; and “chumship,” 82; role of “bad-boy” figure in, 81–82 Boyology; or. Boy Analysis (Gibson), 262n54 “boy problem,” 77–78 Boys’ Brigade, 81 Boy Scouts of America: and chivalric code, 80; as “citizen-making factory,” 86; “Eleventh Annual Report,” 248– 249n41; features of, 69, 82; founding of, 9, 81; idealization of Native American, 99, 101; and preservation of “masculine” character, 209 The Boys’ Round Table (Forbush), 262n48 Brandeis, Louis, 20, 250n62 Brodhead, Richard, 23 Brooks, Daphne, 115 Brown, Bill, 69, 73 Brown, Gillian, 244n8, 245n15 Brown, William Wells, 16, 69, 73, 249n43 of Judging Men (Blackford and Newcomb), 246n26 Anderson, Amanda, 12, 31 Anderson, Benedict, 28 “An Exemplary Citizen” (Howells), 276n36 antislavery movement. See abolitionists Apter, Emily, 244n5 Arendt, Hannah, 248n35 Ariadne’s Thread (Miller), 36 Armstrong, John, 243n4 “Athletes Trained for the Diamond Trophy” (in National Police Gazette), 128 Athletics and Manly Sport (O’Reilly), 267n22 Autobiography (Franklin), 63, 87–88 The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois (Du Bois), 1 “bad boy” figure: as character ideal, 72–73; masculinity restored by, 68, 73–74, 80, 111; in realist fiction, 66–67, 71–76; and romance, 75–76; and “savagery,” 74–76, 99–102; Twain’s critique of, 76–77, 78–81 Baden-Powell, Robert, 86 Baker, Houston, 199 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 239, 269n72 Banta, Martha, 77 Barnum, P.T., 16, 58–59 Baumfree, Isabella (Sojouner Truth), 112–116, 155 Beard, Daniel Carter: as Boy Scout founder, 105, 109; illustrations of Clarence, 104, 106; promotion of A Connecticut Yankee, 109; use of Sarah Bernhardt as model, 109, 110 Beard, George M., 117, 217, 282n22 Bederman, Gail, 117 Beecher, Catherine: and characterbuilding manuals, 13–14; on modern anxiety, 217; on women as stewards of Index 287 “Character and Conduct” (Dewey), 244–245n9 “Character and Muscle” (Parkhurst), 267n27 “Character and Success” (Roosevelt), 244–245n9, 266n16 character building: and adversity, 23, 92–93, 251n71; “bad boy” as model, 70–76; factory as model, 85–86; habit as primary instrument of, 87–90; as historical process, 35, 156, 164–165...