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>> 227 Abortion, 127, 130; laws regarding, 126– 29,188; practices, 110, 115, 116, 126–28, 160 Acupuncture, 197, 198, 199 Adams, John, 101 African Americans, 58, 147–49, 194; attitude toward physicians, 56–58, 67, 109, 128, 181, 185–86, 188; disease resistance, 29, 37, 40, 92, 109; food habits, 67, 71–73; health of, 39, 40, 57, 62, 68, 108, 167, 172, 175; living conditions, 37, 71, 170, 183, 187; medical treatment of, 57, 103, 131, 132, 152, 167, 181; medicine of, 2, 52, 57–58, 107, 108, 110, 128, 147, 148–49, 194; mental illness of, 140, 146–48; in slavery, 6, 23–26, 32, 56–58; 68, 71–74, 88, 90–93, 108–9, 116, 126, 127, 131–33, 147–49, 172, 182, 188; women, 58, 87, 116, 126, 127, 131–32, 133, 146–48, 183, 188 Africans, 15, 17, 23, 25–26, 37 AIDS, 195 Alabama (Indian), 56 Alabama (state), 108, 132 Alcoholic drinks, 74; as medicine, 152, 178; opposition to, 70, 155, 163–64, 173; popularity of, 74, 154, 187 Alcott, William Andrus, 164 Almanacs, 111, 141 Ambler, Mary, 90 American exceptionalism, 5, 75, 104, 182, 185, 189, 195 American Indians. See Native Americans American Medical Association, 129, 165, 190, 197, 198 American Revolution, 5, 36, 68, 74, 77, 102, 104, 106; epidemics during, 41, 91, 96; health and hygiene problems, 70, 75, 81, 85, 92; hospitals, 78, 82–83, 84, 85, 86–87, 92, 93; inoculation during, 88–89, 90, 91, 92–94; medical treatments, 80–81, 83, 85, 88; nurses in, 83, 86–87, 91; smallpox during, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89–92, 93; women during, 86–88, 91. See also Army Medical Department Ames, Fisher, 102 Anesthesia, 124, 125, 131, 132, 179–80. See also Chloroform; Ether; Nitrous oxide Angel of Bethesda. See Mather, Cotton “Animicular” theory, 29, 47, 175, 189 Annapolis, Maryland, 33, 38, 45, 50, 69, 70, 186 Anthrax, 18, 22 Antibiotics, 1, 184, 195 Apothecary, 38, 151 Appalachian Mountains, 22, 53, 106 Army Medical Department, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 92–93, 104. See also American Revolution Arnold, Benedict, 89 Aspirin, 52, 110 Asthma, 17, 43, 45, 53–54 Atahualpa, 21 Austin, Harriet, 164 Autopsies, 98, 103, 109. See also Puerperal fever Avandia, 196 Aztecs, 21 Bacon, Thomas, 54 Ballard, Martha, 113–14, 116–17, 119, 121, 125 Baltimore, 90, 176, 193; almshouse, 104, 174, 181; epidemics in, 101, 174; health problems , 105, 181; water supply, 175 Barbados, 69, 74 Bard, Samuel, 121 Barnaby, Andrew, 61–2, 63, 69 Bartram, William, 19 Index 228 > 229 Chocolate, 63, 66, 69. Cholera, 181, 183, 190, 194; cause of, 173, 176; epidemics of, 159, 172–78, 181, 185, 191; symptoms of, 173–74; treatment for, 174, 177–78 Church, Benjamin, 82–83 Cider, 63, 69, 74, 102 Cinchona bark, 50, 158, 182; medical use of, 37–38, 43, 45, 81, 99, 107, 110. See also Quinine Cincinnati Hospital, 146, 167, 172, 173, 177, 180 Clarke, William E., 179 Clarkson, Mathew, 97 Clergy in medicine, 30, 54, 159 Clinical trials, 158, 166, 193, 196; in Europe, 103, 122, 189; lack of, 47, 145 Cobbett, William (English reformer), 111 Cobbett, William (in Philadelphia), 98 Cochran, John, 84, 85, 87 Coffee, 63, 95, 140, 164, 174 Colden, Cadwallader, 34 College of Physicians (Philadephia), 100, 105 Columbus, Christopher, 9, 19, 22, 24, 65 Conjurers, 2, 52, 58, 147, 187. See also Magic Connecticut, 63, 78, 90, 126; dentists in, 179; doctors in, 105; hospitals in, 143 Continental Army, 70, 78, 80, 81–82, 89–90, 91; women in, 86–88 Continental Congress, 78, 79–80, 81, 83, 85–86, 91, 93, 94; complaints to, 82, 83, 92. See also U.S. Congress Contraception, 127, 129, 160 Cookbooks, 66, 68, 70 Cooper, James Fenimore, 111 Copyright, 152 Corbin, Margaret, 88 Corn. See Maize Cortez, Hernando, 21 Cotton gin, 108 Creeks, 56 Crosby, Alfred, 13, 18, 65 Crowd diseases, 13, 15 Cupping, 43, 44, 45, 57, 80, 107, 140 Currie, William, 99, 104 Daniels, John, 23 Dayton, Cornelia, 126 Deer, 22, 62, 66, 71; used in medicine, 40, 53 Dehydration, 46, 173 De La Salle, Robert, 22 De Léon, Ciéza, 21 Democratic ideology, 59, 152, 154–58, 161, 165, 188, 191 Demography. See Population changes Demonic possession. See Witchcraft Dentists, 124, 179 Depletion procedures, 2, 37, 39, 44, 45, 53, 55, 141, 158, 160, 173, 189, 197; extreme use of, 4, 46, 107, 164,177; rejected, 50, 143, 149, 164, 168. See also Bleeding: Cupping; Purging...

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