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| 185 Notes Introduction 1. Thomas P. Southwick, A Duryee Zouave (Washington, DC: Acme Printing, 1930), 15–17. 2. Ibid., 27–28. 3. Ibid. 4. Craig Thompson Friend and Lorri Glover, eds., Southern Manhood: Perspectives on Masculinity in the Old South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004), ix–x. 5. Mark H. Dunkelman, Brothers One and All: Esprit de Corps in a Civil War Regiment (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 181; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 17–19. Bederman’s distinction between Victorian middle -class definitions of “manly” and “masculine” has informed my definition of manhood, although I disagree with her that “manly” always had a moral dimension to its definition. I argue that men from all social classes conceived of manliness as the “conduct worthy of a man”—for some this implied moral conduct, but for others it did not. Indeed, the dispute over what conduct was worthy of a man is the subject of this book. According to Bederman , “‘masculine’ referred to any characteristics, good or bad, that all men had” (18). 6. Clyde Griffin, “Reconstructing Masculinity from the Evangelical Revival to the Waning of Progressivism: A Speculative Synthesis,” in Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffin, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 185–188; Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 9–12. 7. Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: The Free Press, 1987); Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers (New York: Viking, 1988); Larry M. Logue, To Appomattox and Beyond: The Civil War Soldier in War and Peace (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996); James McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). 8. Thomas Augst, The Clerk’s Tale: Young Men and Moral Life in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 32. 9. Edward L. Ayers, Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the NineteenthCentury American South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 12–13; Bertram WyattBrown , Honor and Violence in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 27. 10. The exception is James McPherson, who argues in For Cause and Comrades that northern volunteers in 1861 and 1862 valued honor and that they believed it was central to their manhood. 186 | Notes to the Introduction 11. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: The Free Press, 1990); Christian G. Samito, “The Intersection between Military Justice and Equal Rights: Mutinies, Courts-martial, and Black Civil War Soldiers,” Civil War History 53 (June 2007): 170–202; John David Smith, ed., Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Versalle F. Washington, Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999); James G. Hollandsworth Jr., The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience during the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995); Howard C. Westwood, Black Troops, White Commanders, and Freedmen during the Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). 12. Some of the scholarly works that emphasize the bonds between men in the Union Army or shared ideology among soldiers are: Dunkelman, BrothersOneandAll; McPherson, ForCauseandComrades; Mitchell, CivilWarSoldiers; Earl J. Hess, Liberty,Virtue,andProgress :NorthernersandTheirWarfortheUnion (New York: New York University Press, 1988). 13. Logue, To Appomattox and Beyond; Ayers, Vengeance and Justice. 14. Griffin, “Reconstructing Masculinity,” 191–192. 15. Tyler Anbinder, “Which Poor Man’s Fight? Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863,” Civil War History 52 (December 2006): 344–372. 16. The training process for officers improved drastically in the first year of the war. Most regiments established mandatory schools and required officers to meet twice a week to recite regulations and tactics. The army implemented system-wide exams for those officers reported to be incompetent, and inspectors in the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the Cumberland reported whether regiments were holding schools of instruction . Special Order (SO) 52, 18 October 1861, 23rd Ohio Regimental Order Book, Vol. 5, Record Group (RG) 94, National Archives (NA); General Order (GO) 6, 27 December 1861, 58th Indiana Regimental Order Book, Vol. 4, RG 94, NA; SO 23, 27 December...

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