Slavery before Race: Europeans, Africans, and Indians at Long Island's Sylvester Manor Plantation, 1651-1884

Index

Africans/African Americans: free blacks, 52, 136; cowrie currency, 94; and foodways, 90-91, 119; material culture and, 113, 115-117, 119–120; and mortar production, 76, 94, 98, 104-105; and pottery, 10, 98, 104-105; in Revolutionary War, 135; stone tools made by, 107; at Sylvester Manor, 10, 53–56, 76–77, 78, 164, 165, 167–168. See also slavery African Burial Ground (New York City), 176–177 agriculture, 18–20, 21, 64 American Indians, 17–49; allotment and enrollment process, 14–15; archival resources on, 4–5; and citizenship, 128, 173; collaborations with African Americans, 8–9, 10–11, 105, 165, 177–178; colonizers induce demographic changes in, 22; detribalization, 12–14, 176, 179; federal criteria for recognizing, 175–176, 179; fluidity of racial categories, 10, 56, 167; Jim Crow laws applied to, 12; as laborers, 168-69; and livestock, 89; New York authorities negotiate for their land, 127–128; in plantation settings, 10, 85, 178; pottery of, 98–99; property rights of, 125, 126; representation of, 7-8, 121-22, 131, 136, 174; and slavery, 4, 14, 15–16, 51, 55, 168; sovereignty of, 11, 14, 128, 168–169; stone tools made by, 106; war captives exchanged for enslaved Africans, 52–53. See also eastern/coastal Algonquians animal remains, 70–71, 88–94 anthropology, race and, 173–176 archaeology: archaeological remains as evidence, 5, 9, 58, 59–61; historical, 5; investigation of slavery in, 166–167; as politically and publicly engaged practice, 176 artifacts, associating people with, 119–120 Barbados, 1-2, 37-38, 41, 42, 44 beads, 113, 114 Booth, John, 36, 37, 42 brass, 112, 113, 114 Brothertown Indians, 128–129, 171 buckles, 112, 113 buttons, 112, 113 ceramics. See pottery (ceramic material) Checkanoe, 36, 158 citizenship: American Indians as individual citizens, 128; government defining and regulating, 173; race and, 11–15, 125, 126, 173 class: distinctions signaled in plantation core, 69, 78; past versus present experiences of, 177; race associated with, 175; sumptuary laws according to, 111 Index 216 / index structure, 21–23; pottery of, 98, 99–100; sachems, 22–23, 26, 27, 35, 138; settlement patterns, 20–21; subsistence, 18–20; Sylvester’s decreasing tolerance for, 78–79; tobacco smoking by, 117; wampum used by, 92–93. See also groups by name Easthampton, 2, 32, 64, 129, 135, 137, 141 English colonies: attracting settlers, 50–51; conflict with Dutch over eastern Long Island, 43; emergence of new Atlantic communities, 26–36; King Phillip’s War, 44–45, 78, 141, 164–165; land sales on eastern Long Island, 31–32; in local histories of nineteenth century, 130–141; Manhanset agreement with, 33–34; Pequot War, 2, 29–30, 34, 138; settlement history, 23–26; slavery in, 52–56; wampum used in, 92. See also New England; New York family units, 53–54 Farrett, James, 31, 158 faunal remains, 88–94 Fiske, Alice and Andrew, 58, 65, 75, 181 flint tools, 106, 108–109, 110 food: agriculture, 18–20, 21, 64; faunal remains, 88–91; pottery for storage and cooking, 95–98 forgetting: in creation of social memory, 163–164; deliberate, 58; different visions of past lead to, 177; separation as form of, 161; varieties of, 6, 12 Gardiner, David, 135, 137, 138–139, 140–141 Gardiner, Lion, 30–31, 32, 135, 138, 147 Gardiner, Samuel Smith, 83–84, 142 gender: as fulcrum of community, 171–172; past versus present experiences of, 177; race as entangled with, 8; racialized stories elide complexities of, 169–170. See also women Goodyear, Stephen, 31, 36, 37, 40, 158 Haudenosaunee, 28, 35, 92, 93, 113, 118, 127–128, 135, 139 history: anomalous details in narratives, 161–162; Euro-American biases in, 171; hidden histories, 178; historical archaeology, 5; historical memory, 11, 122, 141, 177; Horsford’s history clothing, 111–113, 114, 119–120 clothing fasteners, 112–113, 169 colonization: community and adaptation to, 172–173; Dutch and British settlement history, 23–26; emergence of new Atlantic communities, 26–36; professional anthropology arises from practices of, 174 community: colonization and, 172–173; gender as fulcrum of, 171–172; government defining and regulating, 173; kinship as defining, 173; racial categories in construction of, 176–177, 179 Connerton, Paul, 6, 101, 167 copper, 113, 115 Corchaug, 2, 18, 27, 28 culture, race versus, 175, 179 Cushing, Frank, 148, 157 Dering, Sylvester, 126, 159 Dering, Thomas, 55, 83, 125–126, 129, 135, 159–160 detribalization, 13, 176, 179 Duke’s Laws, 44, 51, 52, 53, 134 Dutch colonies: emergence of new Atlantic...