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223 Notes Preface 1. Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol (Forgotten Books, 2008) (Chapman & Hall, 1843). 2. For a brief biography of Professor F. Michael Higginbotham please visit the University of Baltimore website at http://law.ubalt.edu/template.cfm?page=582. 3. See generally Dickens, A Christmas Carol. 4. See Red Tails, a George Lucas Film about the 332nd Fighter Group during World War II (2012). 5. According to NPR, “The Legacy of Medgar Evers,” All Things Considered, June 10, 2003, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1294360, On June 12, 1963, Evers was killed by an assassin’s bullet. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The accused killer, a white supremacist named Byron De La Beckwith, stood trial twice in the 1960s. Both cases ended in mistrials because the all-white juries could not reach a verdict. De La Beckwith was convicted in a third trial in 1994, and sentenced to life in prison. 6. The Cleveland Browns defeated the Baltimore Colts 27-0 in the 1964 NFL title game. Steve King, “History: 1964,” Cleveland Browns, http:// www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/history/year-by-year-results/1964.html. 7. “Stokes, Carl B. (21 June 1927–3 April 1996) became the first black mayor of a major U.S. city when he was elected mayor of Cleveland in November 1967. He later became a news anchorman, judge, and a United States Ambassador.” Case Western Reserve University, “Stokes, Carl B.,” The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History , http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=SCB2. 8. Memories of 1964-65, Lomond Elementary School Yearbook (on file with author). See generally Shaker Heights Schools, “Lomond Elementary School,” http://www.shaker.org/lomondschool_home.aspx. 9. Id. In 1964-65, district enrollment was 7,737 and minority enrollment was 814. Shaker Heights City School District Racial/Ethnic Report 1964-79, www.roederconsulting .com/files/100621_Shaker/.20schools_facts_Review.pdf. 10. Id. 11. Derrick A. Bell, Race, Racism, and American Law, 6th ed. (New York: Aspen , 2008), 92. 12. For the 2008-2009 school year, the black (non-Hispanic) students at 224 Notes Lomond comprise 63% of the entire student body. Lomond Elementary School, “2008-2009 School Year Report Card,” Ohio Department of Education, http:// www.ode.state.oh.us/reportcardfiles/2008-2009/BUILD/021279.pdf. 13. According to “The Boxer: Controversy,” Ali: The Official Site of Muhammad Ali, http://www.ali.com/legend_boxer_controversy.php, In 1967, as the Vietnam War was escalating, Ali was called up for induction into the Armed Services. Ali refused induction on the grounds of religious beliefs. He was, in fact, a practicing Muslim minister. This refusal led to the now-famous Ali quote, “I ain’t got no quarrel with them Vietcong. . . . No Vietcong ever called me nigger.” The national furor over that comment, combined with Ali’s refusal to be inducted into the Armed Services, caused virtually every state and local entity in America to cancel Ali’s boxing licenses. 14. Johnny Cochran, A Lawyer’s Life (New York: St. Martin’s, 2002). 15. The number one network television show the previous year had been “The Beverly Hillbillies,” a show about an impoverished white family from the Ozark Mountain region of the United States that strikes oil on their land and moves to Beverly Hills. The show’s theme song noted Beverly Hills for having many swimming pools and movie stars. Despite their newly acquired oil wealth, the family is very much out of place in terms of values and way of life. While they were white, I often felt a kinship with those “Beverly Hillbillies” for I, too, had similar feelings of difference (“The Beverly Hillbillies,” Museum of Broadcast Communications, http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=beverlyhillb). 16. In 1970, there were few black families with school-age relatives or children living in Beverly Hills. Most of these blacks, such as Berry Gordy Jr., owner of Motown Records, Diana Ross, one of Motown Records’ biggest recording stars, and Greg Morris, who starred in a hit network television series called Mission Impossible , derived their wealth from the entertainment business. Others were successful business owners such as Lovey Yancey, founder of a chain of fast-food restaurants called Fatburger, or professionals like my father, Robert Higginbotham. 17. Jim Brown appeared in well over thirty films and television programs. Among some of his more famous titles were The Dirty Dozen (1967); 100 Rifles (1969); I’m Gonna Git You Sucka (1988) and Any Given Sunday (1999). For a...

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