Blacks and Whites in Christian America: How Racial Discrimination Shapes Religious Convictions

Notes

239 Notes N ot e s to C ha p t e r 1 1. Unless otherwise noted, the names of the individual persons whom we refer to or interviewed for this study have been changed in order to protect their confidentiality and anonymity. 2. A great number of studies could be listed here. However, we cannot do so due to time and space constraints. Some notable studies include Baer (1984), Baer and Singer (1993), Barnes (2005), Battle (2006), Bridges (2001), Calhoun-Brown (1999, 1996), Callahan (2006), Carter (1995), Cone (1975, 1969), Du Bois (1920), Edwards (2009), Ellison and Sherkat (1995), Felder (1991), Frazier (1964), Frederick (2003), F. Harris (1994), Hood (1994), Hunt (2002), P. Johnson (1994), Lincoln and Mamiya (1990), Marsh (2005), McMickle (2000), Morris (1984), Nelson (2005), Pattillo-McCoy (1998), Pew Research Center (2009b), Pinn (2003, 2002, 1995), Raboteau (1978), Sobel (1979), Taylor et al. (1996), Taylor, Chatters, and Levin (2004), Thurman (1976), Webber (1978), and Wilmore (1973). We will reference other meaningful contributions throughout this text. 3. See Pew Research Center (2008, 2009b), Taylor, Chatters, and Levin (2004), and Hunt and Hunt (2001). 4. See Ellison and Sherkat (1995), Hunt and Hunt (2001), and Taylor et al. (1996). 5. See Battle (2006), Calhoun-Brown (1998), Cone (1975, 1969), FloydThomas and Pinn (2010), Gutierrez (1971), Hopkins (1999), Lincoln and Mamiya (1990), and Wilmore (1973). 6. See Felder (1991), Frederick (2003), Gutierrez (1987), Pinn (2002, 1995). 7. Lincoln and Mamiya (1990). 8. Ibid., 2–3. 9. Ibid., 7. 10. See, for example, Barnes (2011, 2005), Brown and Brown (2003), Calhoun-Brown (1999, 1998), Cavendish, Welch, and Leege (1998), Edwards SheltonEmerson_pp001-270.indd 239 SheltonEmerson_pp001-270.indd 239 7/30/12 10:02 AM 7/30/12 10:02 AM 240 Notes to Chapter 1 (2009), Ellison and Sherkat (1995, 1990), Emerson and Yancey (2008), Frederick (2003), Harrison (2005), Hunt and Hunt (2001), McRoberts (2003), Nelson (2005), Pattillo-McCoy (1998), Sherkat (2002), Stump (1987), Taylor, Chatters, and Levin (2004), and Taylor et al. (1996). 11. The percentage distributions mentioned in this paragraph are based on findings from the Portraits of American Life Survey (PALS) and the General Social Survey (GSS). These distributions are consistent with those of other leading data sources including the Pew Research Center’s “U.S. Religious Landscape Survey” (2008). 12. See Chen (2002), Ebaugh (2000), Ecklund (2006), Warner (1998), Waters and Ueda (2007), and Yang and Ebaugh (2001). 13. See, for example, Abbington (2002), Aghahowa (1996), Coleman (2008), Conde-Frazier, Parrett, and Kang (2004), Costen (2004, 1993), Felder (1991), Grant (1989), LaRue (2000), Maynard-Reid (2000), Moyd (1995), Price (2001), Priest and Nieves (2006), Christine Smith (2008), Smith and Jackson (2005), Thistlethwaite and Engel (1998), Thomas (1997), West (1993, 1982), West and Glaude (2003), and Delores Williams (1995). 14. As examples, see Brown (2009), Carpenter (1999), Emerson and Smith (2000), Greeley and Hout (2006), Lindsay (2007), Marsden (1980), Noll (2001), Roof and McKinney (1987), Christian Smith (1998), Wilcox (1990), Wilcox and Robinson (2010), and Daniel Williams (2010). 15. See Calhoun-Brown (1998), Edwards (2009), Hunt and Hunt (2001), Lincoln and Mamiya (1990), Steensland et al. (2000), Roof and McKinney (1987), and Wilcox (1990). 16. As with white Protestants, the distribution of black Baptists, Methodists , and Pentecostals has meaningfully changed in recent decades. The results of most nationally representative surveys show that at least 60% of blacks affiliate with Baptist denominations. Pentecostals are among the fastest growing families, now comprising about 12% of the black Protestant population. The percentage of black Methodists has notably declined due to greater religious mobility (or “switching”) across affiliations. A number of recent studies have shown that black Methodists now constitute about 7% of the black Protestant population. See Ellison and Sherkat (1990), Lincoln and Mamiya (1990), Pew Research Center (2009b), Roof and McKinney (1987), Sherkat (2002), Steensland et al. (2000), and Taylor, Chatters, and Levin (2004). Data from the PALS and GSS corroborate this finding as well. 17. For instance, our findings for significant racial differences across church attendance and church membership hold constant even when we SheltonEmerson_pp001-270.indd 240 SheltonEmerson_pp001-270.indd 240 7/30/12 10:02 AM 7/30/12 10:02 AM Notes to Chapter 1 241 restrict our analysis to specific Protestant denominations such as Baptists, Methodists, and Pentecostals. This result is especially meaningful considering the relatively small number of black respondents in both the PALS and GSS who claimed an affiliation with...