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A number of people assisted me in the preparation of this study. I must first thank Bruno Ramirez of the University of Montreal, my Ph.D. director and friend, who helped me find the sensibility required to understand the migrants. I owe a great deal to the stimulating friendship of John P. DuLong of Berkley, Michigan, with whom I shared my discoveries. Thanks are also due to JeanFrancois Cardin, whose judicious comments helped me to improve the text. I am grateful to the American embassy (ASUSI) for supporting part of my research in Michigan. And I extend warm thanks to Theresa Sanderson Spence, director of the Copper Country Historical Collection at the Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Anna Mae Maday of the Hoyt Public Library in Saginaw, and Leroy Barnett, reference archivist at the State Archives of Michigan in Lansing. I would like to thank the entire editorial staff at les Editions du Septentrion in Quebec City, especially Gaston Deschenes, for judicious comments. My thanks go also to Jane Hoehner, acquisitions editor who, right from the start, believed in this project. With her energy and dynamism, she has been an inspiration to me. I would like to thank also the whole team at WSUP, particularly Adela Garcia, Renee Tambeau, and Robin DuBlanc for their help and care. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Ron Weir, dean of research at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, Dr. Joel Sokolsky, dean of arts, and especially Dr. E. J. Errington, head of the history department , who had confidence in me and gave the financial support to allow this publication. ...

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