Paths to Middle-Class Mobility among Second-Generation Moroccan Immigrant Women in Israel

Index

195 Index Abbott, Pamela, 18 academic professionals: among secondgeneration women, 98–99, 107, 112, 113, 115–18, 133–38, 142. See also teachers, Israeli Addi-Raccah, Audrey, 117 agency: among nonmobile women, 148; among subordinate groups, 148, 150; limitations to, 146; of secondgeneration women, 1, 121, 146–49; and structure, 146 Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU), 20–21, 95, 97, 107; and Zionism, 22 Arab Israeli women, upward mobility of, 177n87 Archer, Louise, 122, 123 Ashkenazim, Israeli: class position of, 61, 122; devaluation of Moroccan culture, 114; hegemony of, 113–14; intermarriage with Moroccans, 41–42; male stereotypes of, 54; marriage with Mizrah . im, 41–42, 54; modernity of, 55; relationship with Mizrah . im, 141; spousal relationships among, 54, 55, 126 Ashkenazi women, Israeli, 14–16; bodily traits of, 61, 62, 127, 132; class attainments of, 25, 26–29, 122; consumption practices of, 60; educational attainments of, 14, 24, 26, 27, 28–29, 122; education of children, 59–60; employment of, 26, 27, 122; family formation patterns of, 30; femininity of, 31, 76–77, 142, 147; first-generation, 26, 31; hegemony of, 15, 27, 64, 119, 123, 138, 140, 141; intelligence of, 62; in labor market, 15, 28–29, 31; middle-class, 27, 28, 119, 122, 142, 145–46; versus Moroccan women, 76; Moroccan women’s view of, 141–42; motherhood of, 59–61, 75, 127, 131, 137; representations of, 32–33; as role models, 142; second-generation, 27, 28, 30; selfpresentation of, 62, 63; stereotypes of, 32; working-class, 26, 27 Ayalon, Hanna, 117 Bauman, Zygmunt, 49, 106 Baxter, Arthur, 48, 52; on selftransformation , 66 Beck, Ulrich, 146, 149 Becker, Gary: A Treatise on the Family, 99 Behr, Joshua, 70 196 Index Beller, Emily, 139 Benhabib, Doli, 32–33 Ben-Harush, David, 15 Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, 162n43 Birenbaum-Carmeli, Daphna, 61 Black Panthers, Israeli, 15 body, feminine: of Ashkenazi women, 61, 62, 127, 132, 142; of Moroccan women, 61–62, 127, 132, 142; as site for mobility, 127, 132 Bourdieu, Pierre, 103 Britton, Carolyn, 48, 52; on selftransformation , 66 Chafetz, Janet Saltzman, 148 Cherlin, Andrew, 99 Child, Irvin Long, 143 children, Ashkenazi: education of, 59–60 children, Moroccan: of divorcees, 89–93; education of, 126–27, 138; mobility of, 122, 132, 133, 147; mothers’ socialization of, 59, 78–79, 139, 147; parents’ aspirations for, 36–37, 96–97, 144 Chinese Americans, parental aspirations among, 36 class: alienation from, 128; among Mizrah .im, 15, 17, 61; of Ashkenazim, 61, 122; determination of, 139–40; effect of motherhood on, 29; emotions concerning, 127–28; ethnicization of, 142; in feminine identity, 138–46; in Israeli society, 16–17, 33, 48, 61, 92. See also middle class clerical workers: benefits for, 70, 132; specialized, 70; in Western societies, 69–70 clerical workers, Israeli: autonomy of, 153; in civil services, 66, 67, 69–70, 82; class position of, 152, 153; highranking , 128–32; second-generation women, 67, 69–70, 75 Cobb, Jonathan, 49 Cohen, Uri, 16–17 Colette (life history narrator): academic profession of, 107, 112, 113, 115–18; children of, 112–13; class position of, 107, 118; education of, 109–10, 111–12, 119, 135; ethnic identity of, 114–15, 117; experience of discrimination, 116, 117–18; gender identity of, 117; marriage of, 110–13, 117; motherhood of, 112–13; parents of, 107–9, 114; residential mobility of, 112–13; salary of, 118; travel abroad, 110 colonial studies, hegemony and subordination in, 157n23 cooking, Moroccan, 76–77, 104, 110 credentialism, mobility through, 17 culture, Moroccan: Ashkenazi devaluation of, 114; cooking in, 76– 77, 104, 110; disengagement from, 115; divorce in, 82–83; feminine capital in, 76; French influences in, 103, 107, 114; gender roles in, 71– 72, 78, 79, 83, 134; immigrants’ loss of, 68; marriage in, 56–57, 71–72; pride in, 83; reading in, 74. See also femininity, ethnic Moroccan Devine, Fiona, 122 Dijkers, Marcellinus, 112 division of labor, marital, 44; ethnic norms of, 126; in high middle class, 100–102, 136–37; in low middle class, 54–55, 137; in middle segment of middle class, 73, 77–78, 79, 84–85, 130–31; traditional, 100 division of labor, patriarchal, 66, 83, 126, 136 divorce, in Moroccan culture, 82–83 divorcees: benefits for, 85; in Israeli society, 81, 85; mobility of, 93–94; second-generation Moroccan, 80, 81–94; sense of loss, 93; stereotypes of, 86, 89 domesticity: middle-class, 95; rise of, 87 197 Index Donat, Doris, 19...