Geology and Landscape of Michigan’s Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore and Vicinity

Index

Index Note: Italicized page numbers indicate figures. Agassiz, Louis, 45 agate hunting, 106–7 agates, 103–8, 104 age of landform vs. rock, 14–15 Alger, Russell Alexander, 112 Alger County, 112 Algoma lake level, 57, 60, 62 Algonquin lake stage, 80 ancient lakes and relict shorelines, 45–47 Anderton, John, 94–95, 109 Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, 54–55 archaeological sites, 108–9 Archaic Period, in Native American Cultural development, 108 Au Sable Light Station, Au Sable Point, 146 Au Sable Point, 19, 62, 91, 145, 146 Au Train Falls, 33 Au Train Formation: as cap rock for Pictured Rocks cliffs, 34, 34; at Chapel parking area, 131; fossils found in, 36–37, 37; in geologic column, 11; on geologic map of Michigan, 14; members in, 34; representative section, 33; slope characteristics, 24; view from Memorial and Olsen Falls, 120–22; view from Munising Falls, 118–19, 119; and waterfalls, 35 Au Train-Whitefish Channel, 81 Barrett, Linda, 111 Basal Conglomerate Member, Munising Formation, 23–25, 25, 41, 152 basin, defined, 46 Battleship Rocks, 134, 134 Bayshore Park, 118 beach gravels, 104 beach ridges, 61–62, 120 beach scarps, 60, 63–65 Beaver Basin, 7, 140 Beaver Creek, logging dam, 110 Beaver Lake, 83, 90 bedrock: altitudes and topography, 73; Precambrian and Paleozoic, 17–18, 37–42; profile, Pictured Rocks, 23; regional nomenclature, 18–19 benches, between Chapel Rock and Miners Castle Members, 24 Bergquist, S. G., 81, 92 biturbation of sandstone beds, Miners Castle Member, 36 black flies, 6 boulder lag, 107 brachiopods, 36 174 Index breakwall structure, Grand Marais, 158–59 Bridal Veil Falls, 24, 31 Burt Township, 156 calendar dates, 47 Cambrian period, 40 Cambro-Ordovician escarpment, 73 Canadian Shield, 108 Carter site, 153, 154, 154 Cenozoic era, 42 chalcedony, 105 Chapel Area loop trail overview, 131–32, 131 (map) “Chapel Basin Day Hikes” (National Park Service), 131 Chapel Beach area, road and trail log, 132–34 Chapel Creek, 134 Chapel Falls, 131 (map), 132 Chapel Lake, 90, 131 (map) Chapel Rock, 26, 61, 131 (map), 132, 133 Chapel Rock Member, Munising Formation, 124; channelized conglomerate and breccia facies, 136; contact with Miners Castle Member, 24, 32; correlation and age determination, 18–19; crossbedding , 25, 27, 27–28, 28, 128, 132– 33; formation influences, 30–31; fracture trace, Mosquito Beach, 136; Miners Beach, west end, 127; Miners Castle, 124; Mosquito Beach, 135; mud cracks, exposed, 29; mudstones, exposed, 28; origin, 29–31; paleogeography during deposition of, 38, 41; principal facies, 27–28; ripple marks, Mosquito Beach, 136; Sable Falls, 152; slope characteristics, 24; trilobite furrowing and resting tracks, 35; trough cross-beds, Mosquito Beach, 137; type locality, 26, 132, 133 Chicago outlet, 49, 51 clay lenses, and reforestation, 111–12 clear-cutting, effects and legacy, 110–12 Cleveland Cliffs Corporation, 7 cold glaciers, 86 commercial boat tours, 4 conodonts, in Au Train Formation, 36 corals, in Au Train Formation, 37 cratonic sequences, Paleozoic era, 40 crevasses, defined, 73 crevass fillings, defined, 73 cross-bedding: in Chapel Rock Member, 25, 27, 27–28, 28, 126, 126, 128, 132–33; Jacobsville Formation, 21; in Miners Castle Member, 31, 119 crustal rebound, 47–48, 48, 49, 50–52, 52 deglaciation, 72, 77–78, 84–86 dip slopes, defined, 12 Donahey Woods site, 97, 156, 156 Dott, Robert, Jr., 17–18, 20–22, 24–25, 30–31, 33, 135 Drexler, C. W., 81, 83 drift, 12, 56, 73–74 drumlins, 68, 69–70, 76–79, 122 dunes, 91, 100–102. See also Grand Sable Dunes Dunham, S., 109 Early Paleozoic era diorama of marine life, 36 175 Index economic development vs. preservation controversy, 7–9 end moraines, 68, 69 environmental laws, 7–8 epidote, 104, 107 erratics, 103–8 escarpment slopes, defined, 12 eskers, 68, 70, 76, 86, 130, 138 Farrell, J. P., 80, 92–94, 95, 113–14 First Creek, 96–97, 156 Fisher, T. G., 83, 90, 95–96, 114 flutes, 70, 76, 122–23 forest floors, drowning, 95–96 formations, use of term, 9 fossils, 35–37 Foster, J. W., 17 fractures, 19, 98, 98–99, 136 Futyma, R. P., 81 garnet, in Miners Castle Member, 31 gastropods, in Au Train Formation, 37 geologic history, sequence of events, 37–42 geologic setting, 12–14 Geologic Time Scale, 8, 9–12 ghost forests, 93, 152 Ghost Forest trail, 151–52 Gitche Gumee Agate and History Museum, 157 glacial chronology, 67–69, 81 glacial erratics, 107–8...