How Societies Are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600

Index

actors, humans as, ‒, ‒, ‒, ,  agate,  age, ; and division of labor, , ; and sodality, , , , , , , ,  age set, , , ‒, , , , , , ,  agriculture, ‒, , ; adoption of, , , , ; and keeping cattle, ‒; and natural conditions, , , , , , ; on the planalto, ; in the Cuanza basin, , ; intensification of, , , . See also agropastoralism ; cereal farming; fields; horticulture ; irrigation agropastoralism, , ‒, ‒; and descent systems, , , ‒, , , ; at Nqoma, ; and pastoralists, , , , ; and trade in cattle, , , ; and chieftaincy, ; and Feti, ; and fascination with cattle, ,  alliance: between clans, , , , ; within clans, , , , ; between polities, , , , , , , ‒; between generations, ,  amaranth, ,  Ambaca, fort,  Ambaquista,  Ambo languages, , ; speakers of, , , , , , ,  Ambundu: polities, , , , ‒, ‒; people, , ,  ancestor spirits: nomenclature, , ; cult for, ‒, , , ; embodiment of, , , ‒; cattle dedicated to, , ; and nature spirits, , ; and charms, , , ‒, ; protective paternal, ; of clans, ,  Angola, colony of, , , ; history of, , ,  Angolo,  apprentices, , , , ,  arbitration, , , ‒, , , . See also palavers army, , ,  assembly, , , , ,  assimilation process, , , , ,  association, , n, ; of experts, , , , ‒,  authority: exercised over, , ; as arbitrator , ; nomenclature, , , ; spiritual backing for, , , ; of experts, ‒, , ; recognized, , , ; collective, ‒ autochtons, , , , , , ; differences between, , ; as teachers, , ; Mbwela as, , ; languages,  autonomy, , , ; in cattle-keeping regions, , , , ; in middle Angola, ‒, , ; in Moxico, , ,  Bailundu, polity, , , , , ,  balance of power, , ,  Bambata, cave, ,   bananas, n, ,  bands, ‒, ,  bangles,  Banguela, kingdom,  Bantuization, , ,  Bantu languages, , , , ; and Njila, , , , , , ‒; speakers of, , , , , ; and proto-Njila, ‒, , ; migrations, , , ; tradition ,  baskets, , , , , , ; trade, , , , ,  Bateke plateau sites, ,  Battell, Andrew, , ,  battle, , , n,  beads, , ‒, , ; glass, n, , , , , , ‒, , ; shell, , , , , ; stone, ; metal, ‒, ; copper, , , , , ; iron,  beans, ‒, , , ,  beer,  bells, , ,  Benfica, site, , , n Benguela: city, ; old,  Bergdama, people, , ‒, ‒,  berries, ‒ big men, ; and collective governance, , , ‒, , , ; in Kwilu, , ‒; and the slave trade, ,  biological data, , ‒ Birmingham, David,  Black Bushmen, ,  blacksmiths, ‒, , , ‒, ‒, , , , . See also metalworkers Blacksmith house, site,  borrowing process, , , , , ‒ Bosutswe, site,  botanical remains,  Botswana ceramics, ,  bows, , , ,  bracelets. See rings Bradley, Rebecca,  brass, , , n brideservice,  bridewealth, , , , , , ‒ Brincker, Peter Heinrich,  brothers, , , , , , ,  brotherhood. See sodalities bush, burning of, , , ,  Cadornega, António de, , ,  calabashes, , , ‒, , , , ,  calendar, , ; political control over, , , , ,  Caluquembe, polity, ,  Camabanga, site, , ‒,  camp: foragers, , , , , , , n; hunters, ; cattle, ; war, , ; initiation, ; fishing,  Canarium schweinfurthii Engl., , , ,  Canina, leader,  cannabis, ,  Cape of Good Hope, ,  capital, political, , , , , ; among agropastoralists, , , , ; on the planalto, , , , ; Ambundu, , ‒; in Kwilu, ; in Moxico, ,  caravans, ‒, n,  careers, , ,  Carvalho, Henrique de,  Cassange: kingdom, , , , ; market,  cassava. See manioc castor oil, , , ,  caterpillars,  cattle, bovine: introduction of, , , , , ‒, , ‒, ; at Divuyu, ‒; as property, , , , ; and environmental requirements, , , ; at Nqoma, ‒, ; trade in, , , , , , ‒, ‒, , , ; sacralized, , , ; at Feti, , ; and collective imagination, , , , , , , , , , , ‒ cattle complex, n,    cattle herds, large: introduction of, , , , , , ‒, , , ; and matrilineal inheritance, , , , , ‒; management of, , , , , , , , , ; on the planalto, , ; essential for survival, , , ‒, ; and chiefs, , , ; and social inequality, . See also transhumance cattle post, , , , , , , , , ,  cattle rustling, , , , ‒, , , ,  Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio,  centralized governance, ‒; absence of, , , , , , , ; and agropastoralists, ‒, , ‒, ; among the Ambundu, , ‒, ; in Moxico, ; among Luba, ; and Rund, , , ,  ceramics, , , , , ; at Divuyu, , , , ; at Nqoma, , , , ; trade in, , , , , ‒; at Feti, ‒ ceramics, adoption of, , , , , , , ; by horticulturalists, ‒, , , ; by pastro-foragers, , , , ; and dating proto-Njila, ,  cereal farming: introduction of, , , , , , , , , , , , ; description of, ‒, n; social effects and, , , , , . See also agriculture cereals: introduction of, , , ‒, , , , , , ; as food, , ; trade of, , , , ; harvest,  ceremony, , , , . See also ritual charm, , , , ‒, , ‒ chert, ,  chickens, ‒ chiefs, ‒, , , , n; agropastoral, ‒, ‒, , , ; emergence of, ‒, ‒, , ; on the planalto, , , , ; among the Kavango, , ; among the Ambundu, , , , , ; in Moxico, , , , ; in the Middle Kwilu, ‒; among the Rund,  chiefdoms, , , n, ; agropastoral , ‒, ‒, , , , ‒, ; in early middle Angola, ‒, , ‒; on the planalto, , ; among the Kavango, ‒; among the Ambundu, ‒, ‒; in the middle Kwilu, , , ‒; in Moxico, ‒, , , ‒ chieftaincy, , ‒,  children, , , n, , ; residence of, , , , ; status of, , , , ; labor, ; political appointments of, , . See also fathers Childs, Gladwyn,  chronology, establishing a, , ‒, , , ‒ Cimba, people, , ,  Cimbebasian language group, , , ,  circumcision, n, , , ,  Ciyaka, polity,  clans, . See also matriclans class, , , , , , ,  clay, potting, ‒ clients, , , , , ‒,  climate, ‒; change, , ‒, , , , , n, ,  cloth: raffia, , , , , , ; cotton, ; imported,  coercion, , , ,  Cokwe language, , , , ; speakers of, , , , , ,  collective governance, , ‒, , , , ,  collective imagination, , ‒, , ‒, , , ‒, ‒, ‒ colocynth,  colonial period, , , ,  commoners, , , ,  comrades, of initiation, , ,  conflict resolution. See arbitration; palavers confraternity. See sodalities   conquest, , , , , , , ,  conus shell,  convergence, , , , , ,  cooking, ‒, ,  cooperation, , , , , ,  coordination: of labor, ; in war,  copper, , , , , , , , ; ore, , , , , ; smelting, , , . See also beads copperbelt, , , ‒ councils, , , ‒ council houses, , ‒, , ‒, n councillors, ,  courts, political, , ; small, , , , , , ; in middle Angola, , , ‒, , , , , ; Rund,  court of law. See tribunals cowpeas, , , ,  cowries, ,  Crabb, David,  crops. See bananas; cereals; root crops cross-cousins, , ; marriage between, , , , , , , n, , ,  cucurbits, , , , , ‒, . See also calabashes; gourds; melons currency, ,  Dambwa ware,  daughters, , , ,  Dciriku, language, ; speakers of, , ,  debt, , , ,  delayed exchange, ‒, , , , , ‒ Denbow, James, , , ,  Depression, rockshelter,  descent, rules of, , , , , ; bilateral , ‒, , , , , , , , , , ; double, , , ; matrilineal, ‒, , , , , , , , ; patrilineal, , , , , ; matrilateral, , , ; patrilateral , , ; patrifilial, , , , . See also matriclan; matrilineages, corporate; patrilineages despotism, , , ,  diet, , , , , ,  diffusion, process of, , , , , , , ‒, ‒, ‒, ‒, ‒, ‒, , ‒, ‒, ‒, ‒, , , , , , ‒, ‒, ‒ digging sticks, , , , ,  Dimba people,  disease, , , , , , ,  districts, , ‒, , ‒, ,  divergence, , , , ,  divine kingship, , , ‒, ‒ diviners, , , ‒, , , , , ; and kings, , ‒ Divuyu, site, , , , , ‒, , , ‒, ‒, ‒ domain, , , , , , , , , ; nomenclature,  dreams, , , , ,  drought, , , , , , , ,  Dundo, site,  dynasty, , , , , n, , , ; dynastic web, ‒, , ‒ Early Iron Age sites, ‒ Eastern Bantu languages, ,  Eastern, block of languages, , , , ‒, , ,  ecotone: between north and south, ‒, , , , ‒, ; other, , , ‒, ,  egalitarianism, , ‒, , n. See also inequality eggplants, ,  Egypt, ancient,  Ehret, Christopher, , n, , , ‒,  elaïs palm trees, , , ‒, , , , , ,  elders, , , , , , ,  Elembe, leader,    elites, , , , , ,  emblems, , ; borrowing, , , , n; number of, , , ; in Feti and Bailundu, , ,  emporium for trade, , , ,  environment, natural, ‒, , , ‒, , ‒, ; adaptation to, , , , , , ; constraints posed by, , ‒, , , , ‒; and population growth, , ‒; and trade, , ; and sodalities...