Slavery by Any Other Name: African Life under Company Rule in Colonial Mozambique

Notes

185 Notes Abbreviations AHM Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique AHU Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino ATI Associação do Trabalho Indígena ATICE Associação do Trabalho Indígena Correspondência Expedida ATID Associação do Trabalho Indígena Dossiés ATIR Associação do Trabalho Indígena Relatórios BAGC Boletím da Agência Geral das Colonias BCM Boletím da Companhia de Moçambique Cx. Caixa D.A. District Administrator D.G. Director General FCM Fundo da Companhia de Moçambique FM Fundo de Moçambique NIP Negócios Indígenas Processos NLD Native Labor Department OT Oral Testimony RMS Revista de Manica e Sofala S.G. Secretary General SGC Secretaria Geral Correspondência SGCE Secretaria Geral Correspondência Expedida SGP Secretaria Geral Processos SGPC Secretaria Geral Processos Confidencias SGR Secretaria Geral Relatórios 186 Notes to Pages viii–4 Preface 1. Costa, “Inventário do Fundo,” 48–49. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 49. 4. Neil-Tomlinson, “Mozambique Chartered Company,” 331. In Lisbon, the AHU holds some Mozambique Company material, but those holdings are, for the most part, duplicative of or digested from original company correspondence and reports held in Maputo. One exception is material related to the metropolitan end of the company’s activity: boardroom politics and relations between the company and Portuguese governments. Neil-Tomlinson used this material, and his dissertation is, accordingly, quite strong on the company’s highlevel financial maneuvers and wranglings. Besides the AHU material, there were for a time unverified rumors of additional company documents in Lisbon, information now confirmed since 2001, when the company’s commercial successor, Entreposto, donated company documents to the National Archives (the Torre de Tombo) in Lisbon. These holdings come from the company’s Lisbon-based administration, with a correspondingly heavier emphasis on the European side of its operations. 5. Cruz, “História da formação.” 6. In “Complicit Critic,” Rosemary Galli examines the service of another company employee , Gustavo de Bivar Pinto Lopes, exploring his role in governance and considering his sometimes critical stance on colonial policy. 7. OT, Machipanda (Bairro Chiqueia), 14 May 1997. Introduction 1. Europeans’ first slave purchases came much earlier, beginning with the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, but a large volume of slave exports from Africa into the Atlantic world came only two centuries later. 2. Chattel slavery was not itself entirely uniform, either, but did share the principle of the slave as transferable property. 3. Ross, Cape of Torments; Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping of South African Society; Shell, Children of Bondage; Keegan, Colonial South Africa; Isaacman, Mozambique; Newitt, Portuguese Settlement. 4. Historical scholarship on slavery and the slave trade in Africa is vast. Paul Lovejoy and John Thornton have written masterful overviews: Transformations in Slavery, and Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800, respectively. More detailed studies on early Afro-European interactions include Isaacman, Mozambique; Newitt, Portuguese Settlement ; Miller, Way of Death; Worden, Slavery in Dutch South Africa; Thornton, Kongolese Saint Anthony; Newton-King, Masters and Servants. 5. Diffie and Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 53. Or nearly so: Macao, the last slender fragment of the empire, reverted to Chinese sovereignty only in 1999. 6. Elkiss, Quest for an African Eldorado; Reis, Empresa da Conquista; Ellert, Rivers of Gold. 7. For more on Andrada’s early exploits and on the terms of the charter, see Nowell, RoseColored Map; Neil-Tomlinson, “Mozambique Chartered Company”; Costa, “No Centenário”; Beach, “Origins of Moçambique and Zimbabwe.” The charter as issued in 1892 was for only twenty-five years; it was extended to fifty through a revision in 1897. 8. The fourteen-month transition saw periods of instability, which Margaret Hall and Notes to Pages 4–9 187 Tom Young dub “the confused interregnum,” and included a brief and unsuccessful white-led revolt against the handover of power to Frelimo. See Hall and Young, Confronting Leviathan, 36–60; Power, “Aqui Lourenço Marques!!” 605–6. 9. Denmark had led the way in outlawing the slave trade in 1803, but, lacking the power Britain wielded with its powerful navy, the Danish move was less influential. 10. Portugal still held bits of territory in Asia—Macao, Goa, and East Timor—and though I recognize the significance of continued Portuguese rule of these possessions well into the twentieth century, they did not figure significantly in the last century of Portugal’s empire. 11. The law was passed...