The Citizenship Revolution: Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774-1804

Notes

309 notes Abbreviations aa abigail adams aH alexander Hamilton Annals of Congress The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States with an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature APW American Political Writing during the Founding Era, 1760–1805 BAJ Book of Abigail and John CPPJJ Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay CRNC Colonial Records of North Carolina CVSP Calendar of Virginia State Papers Debates Debates in the House of Representatives GW George Washington Ja John adams JCC Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 JHDCV Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia JJ John Jay Jm James madison LCK Life and Correspondence of Rufus King LDC Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789 PAH Papers of Alexander Hamilton PGM Papers of George Mason PGW Papers of George Washington PJM Papers of James Madison PTJ Papers of Thomas Jefferson ROL Republic of Letters TJ Thomas Jefferson WTJ Writings of Thomas Jefferson WTP Complete Writings of Thomas Paine Introduction 1. Grain exports to British armies in spain and Portugal rose from 835,000 bushels in 1811 to a peak of nearly 1,000,000 bushels in 1813 (Galpin, “american Grain Trade”). 2. martell, “side Light on federalist strategy.” 3. Ja to Benjamin rush, february 23, 1813, in adams, Spur of Fame, 276. 4. Niles’ Weekly Register, June 27, 1815. 5. TJ, “President’s message,” Annals of Congress, 7th cong., 1st sess., senate, 14–15. 310 notes to pages 3–9 6. Hertzog, Defining Nations, 1–6; Tilly, “Primer on citizenship,” 599–602. for an introduction to the extensive literature, see Kymlicka and norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies; shafir, Citizenship Debates. 7. The historical origins of nationalism and “national identity” continue to be a subject of debate among scholars, but it is clear that the idea of the nation-state— of a unitary government representative of a culturally, linguistically, ethnically, or historically distinct national people—is of only relatively recent vintage, gradually emerging in europe over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and becoming a dominant model in the West during the transformations of the age of revolution. for an introduction to the literature, see Hutchinson and smith, Nationalism. The french revolution provided the apotheosis of the transformative model of the great nation-state. for a recent restatement, see sewell, “french revolution.” 8. James otis, “rights of the British colonies, asserted and Proved,” Connecticut Courant, september 9, 1765. for British nationalism, see colley, Britons; colley, “radical Patriotism”; Brewer, Sinews of Power; Brewer, “eighteenth century British state”; Wilson, Sense of the People; armitage, Ideological Origins of the British Empire. for american variants, see Breen, “revisions in need of revising”; Greene, “search for identity.” This point was also made by Varg in “advent of nationalism.” a good starting point is still savelle, “nationalism and other Loyalties.” 9. see Ward, Politics of Liberty; Greene, Peripheries and Center; reid, Constitutional History; mcilwain, American Revolution. 10. see maier, From Resistance to Revolution, chap. 2. 11. samuel adams relied heavily on John Locke; see Locke, Two Treatises of Government , 352–58. 12. inglis, True Interest of America, 7, 1. 13. see Greene, “alienation of Benjamin franklin”; see also Breen, “revisions in need of revising.” 14. for the variety of “constitutional” thinking, see Hulsebosch, Constituting Empire . 15. Boston Evening Post, october 8, 1759. 16. anderson, Crucible of War, 286–93. 17. PAH, 1:101. 18. as quoted in Jensen, “sovereign states,” 226–27. 19. Ja to Hezekiah niles, february 13, 1818, in morse, Annals of the American Revolution, 28, 29. 20. LDC, 1:288. 21. Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, chap. 1; Parkinson, “enemies of the People.” 22. Hillard, Last Men of the Revolution, 3445. 23. “The crisis, no. Xiii, 1783,” WTP, 1:234. 24. Benjamin franklin to President of congress, December 25, 1783, in Giunt, Emerging Nation, 1:959–60; Hendrickson, Peace Pact, 198–99. 25. charles Thomson to Hannah Thomson, october 14, 1783, LDC, 21:57. 26. “agrippa,” quoted in Kramnick, “Great national Discussion,” 10. 27. edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, in Jackman, “Young englishman reports,” 112. notes to pages 10–14 311 28. for a broader discussion of “citizen” in the Western tradition, see Pocock, “ideal of citizenship,” 29–52. 29. ramsay, Dissertation. 30. ibid. 31. alexander Dallas, in Talbot v. Janson, 3 U.s. (3 Dall.) 133, 141 (1795). see also chapter 4. 32. oath taken in albany...