Feminism as Life's Work: Four Modern American Women through Two World Wars

Notes

209 introduction 1. Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000); Elaine Showalter, ed., These Modern Women: Autobiographical Essays from the Twenties (Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1978); Elizabeth Francis, The Secret Treachery of Words: Feminism and Modernism in America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002). 2. My use of Inez Haynes Irwin’s name will remain consistent, although it changed several times. She was Inez Haynes until her marriage to Rufus Gillmore, and Inez Haynes Gillmore during her first marriage (1897–1913) and until she married William Irwin in 1916. From 1916 to the end of her life she went by Inez Haynes Irwin. 3. Lorine Pruette,“I Don’t Want to Play This Game Anymore!,” Box 2, Folder 61, LPP. 4. Cited in Elaine Showalter,“In Search of Heroines,” Guardian, June 13, 2011. 5. Susan Ware, Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 13–42. 6. Mari Jo Buhle, Teresa Murphy, and Jane Gerhard, Women and the Making of America (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009), 459. 7. Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820–1860,” American Quarterly 18 (Summer 1966): 151–175. 8. Francis, Secret Treachery, xxvii. 9. Dorothy Dunbar Bromley,“Feminist—New Style,” Harper’s, October 1927, 560. 10. Francis, Secret Treachery, xii. 11. Estelle Freedman, “Separatism as Strategy: Female Institution-Building and American Feminism,” Feminist Studies (Fall 1979): 512–579, see 513. 12. Buhle et al., Women and the Making of America, 506; Francis, Secret Treachery, xiv. 13. Christina Simmons, Making Marriage Modern: Women’s Sexuality from the Progressive Era to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). 14. Showalter, These Modern Women, 3, 8. 15. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All,” Atlantic, July/August 2012; http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-cant-have -it-all/309020/. 16. Lorine Pruette, “Why Women Fail,” Outlook 158 (August 12, 1931): 460–462+. Reprinted inV. F. Calverton and Samuel Schmalhausen, eds., Woman’s Coming of Age (New York: 1931), 257–258. Notes 210 Notes to pages 4–10 17. Irwin, Stevens, and Pruette donated their papers to the Schlesinger Library, now part of the Radcliffe Institute at Harvard University. This book is largely based on those three collections. 18. The Other Women’s Movement, for example, analyzes labor feminists from the 1940s to the twenty-first century. Dorothy Sue Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). 19. Julie Des Jardins, Women and the Historical Enterprise in America: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Memory, 1880–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 80. 20. Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987). 21. Francis, Secret Treachery, xiii. 22. Alys Eve Weinbaum, Lynn Thomas, Priti Ramamurthy, Uta Poiger, Madeleine Yue Dong, and Tani Barlow, eds., The Modern Girl around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008); Christine Stansell, The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present (New York: Random House, 2011), 180–181. 23. Lorine Pruette,“The Flapper,”in The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children, edited by V. F. Calverton and Samuel D. Schmalhausen (New York: Macaulay, 1930), 572–590. 24. Historians created the term “social feminist” to group together women who were civic reformers, club members, settlement house residents, and labor activists. See William O’Neill, “Feminism as a Radical Ideology,” in Dissent: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, edited by Alfred F. Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1968), 275–277. Although historians have criticized the term as imprecise, it is still useful and has gained wide usage, so I employ it in this book. See Nancy F. Cott, “What’s in a Name? The Limits of ‘Social Feminism’: or, Expanding the Vocabulary of Women’s History,” Journal of American History 76, 3 (December 1989): 809–829. 25. Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: William Morrow, 1984). 26. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn,“Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment,” in Decades of Discontent: The Women’s Movement...