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193 Page numbers for figures are in italics; the suffix T indcates a table. abuse, see partners: abuse of; substance abuse accidents, workplace, 89, 90. See also injuries acculturation, 15 African Americans: concentrated poverty of, in urban settings, 176n.3; rural, outside U.S. social and economic mainstream , 98–99 agency: in aftemath of partner’s injury, 158; of border crossers, 162; human, 167; in relocation decisions, 162 Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975, 171n.7 agriculture, industrial, 8; California’s high-value labor-intensive crops, 171n.10; driving Mexican immigration, 153; “good job” in, 172n.16; “harmony” in, 170n.4; inequality embedded in structure of, 113; labor-intensive model of, 112; occupational risks and injuries, 26, 35, 41 (see also disabling injuries); as oppressive structure, 5; organization of, 20–22; percentage of U.S. counties dependent on, 169n.4; in post-bracero period, 22–24; and present-day farmworkers , 24–26; specialty (“F-V-N”) crops, 172n.15 alcohol, abuse of, 89, 90, 92 alfalfa, 8 All-American Canal, 7, 58, 61–62, 175n.11, 178n.7 amenities, lack of, in Imperial Valley, 177n.2. See also goods and services Anglos: Dust Bowl migrants, 21; growers, 10, 113, 142, 143–144; pioneer settlers, 9; social buffer with new immigrants, U.S.born Mexican Americans as, 180n.7; tensions with Mexican Americans, 143 apprehensions, of illegal border crossers, 59, 62 Arrington, Gloria, x “asking rules,” 78 asparagus, 37 assimilation: becoming “too Americanized ,” 52–53; standard model, and bracero-era families, 169n.1 associate’s degrees, 126–127 authority: men’s, in Mexican culture, 82, 91, 158; patriarchal, women’s disillusionment with, 84–85, 92; women’s, through parenting, 87, 89 auto mechanics, 106, 122 Baca Zinn, Maxine, ix, 4 bakery work, 123 BCC. See Border Crossing Card behavioral familism, 68 bilingualism: and retail work opportunities , 52–53; of teachers, 109 “binational consumers,” 50 biometric identifier, in BCC, 49 birth control, absence of knowledge regarding, 35. See also early pregnancy I N D e x 194 Index Blue Shield of California, 55 border, U.S.–Mexico, 4, 111; boundary vs. region, 46; comparisons across, in relocation decisions, 148–149; drug smuggling across, 17 (see also drugs); earnings penalty, 99–100, 101; and economic importance of education, 126; fence at Calexico, 60; health services concentrated at crossings, 55; helicopter patrols, 174n.9; impact on local job market, 99; inequalities exacerbated near, 5; as integrated region, 161–162; low wages and proximity to, 156; power relations surrounding, 171n.6; proximity of Imperial County population to, 7; as region of dynamic interdependence, 49–50, 78. See also deportation; visas border crossers, 17; authorized, 48–58; commercial, 173n.2; unauthorized, 58– 64, 171n.8, 174n.10 Border Crossing Card (BCC), 49, 59, 60, 77, 173n.3 border-crossing deaths, 60–62 border enforcement, 59–63, 174n.10; job opportunities in, 34, 103, 142; SeNTRI program, 123 Border Industrialization Program (BIP), Mexican, 47 Border Patrol, 62–63 Bracero Program, 21, 22, 24, 30, 35, 171nn.5–7, 173n.3; assimilation of families immigrating during, 169n.1 Brawley, California, 7, 8; community attachment to, 18; competitive job market in, 96; contrasted with Fresno, 140; described as “calm,” 139; farmworkers in, on break, 25; geography of, 9–10; as “low wage–high public assistance” community , 156; misperceived as white ranchers’ community, 143–144; perceptions of drug problem in, 63–65; southern highway into, 11 broccoli, 37, 38, 39 burial expenses, of border crossing fatalities , 61 buses, labor contractors’, 47, 48 Calexico, California, 7, 47; border fence at, 60; Mexican workers at border crossing, 100; transborder shopping in, 50 Calexico Mission School, 56, 65 California Center for Border and Regional Studies (CCBReS), 165 California Commission on the Status of Women, 1978 study by, 30, 45 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDRC), 128 California Rural Legal Assistance, 170n.3 California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKS), 70, 119–120; cash aid, 114, 123; child care funding, 75 Calipatria State Prison, 128 “call to come home,” 80–81 “calm” of Brawley, 139 CalWORKS. See California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids camps, worker: bracero, 35; governmentrun , 39; in Mexicali, 30; for migrants, 40 canals, irrigation, 6, 6–7. See also AllAmerican Canal cantaloupe, 29, 35 car dismantlers, 71 caregiving to elderly parents, 80–81, 110– 111, 113, 119, 151, 155; cross-border, 58 carpet installers, 106 carrots, 8, 38, 70, 135 cashier work, 97 Castro brothers, as Cattle Call grand marshals, 144 Cattle Call, Brawley, 8, 140, 144; parade...

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