Tough on Hate?: The Cultural Politics of Hate Crimes

Index

145 Index ABC News, 73, 76, 80–81 ABCWorld News, 69 Abourezk, James, 34, 35 Act Up, 93 Adams, Jacqueline, 54, 136n29 affirmative action, 6, 32, 34, 37, 41 Alexander, Michelle, 17 Altheide, David, 87 American national mythology, 45–48, 58–59;American exceptionalism, 5, 7, 46, 47, 51–53, 104; epidemic motif and, 53–57; erasure of historical patterns of state brutality, 49–50. See also postdifference ideology American Psychological Association, 7, 34–35, 35–36, 57, 85 anti-Arab violence, 11, 36, 91, 103–106 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 24; “hate crimes” phrase and, 8, 10; model religious vandalism statute, 28–31; petty offense focus, 29–31, 40, 44 Anti-GayViolence hearings (1986), 34– 35, 41 anti-hate-crimes legislation: bipartisan support for, 12, 53, 93; color blindness, 7–8, 60–62; enhanced penalties, reasons for, 57; Hate Crimes Prevention Act (1998), 48, 51–52, 78; Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2009), 18, 49, 93–94; Hate Crime Statistics Act (1990), 8, 12, 25, 31, 49; identity politics and, 15; low-level offenses and, 24, 25–26, 26– 28, 62; sexual/gender identity language and, 93–94;Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994), 14, 42 anti-Semitism, 29, 38 Arab-American Anti-Discrimination Committee, 34 Araujo, Gwen, 99 Axelrod, Jim, 79, 100–101 Baltimore, 26 Baltimore Sun, 9, 37 belonging, 91 Berger, Martin, 5–6 Bergstrom, Charles, 48 Berrill, Kevin, 35–36, 41 Berry, Shawn, 77–78, 120 Biaggi, Mario, 8 Bias Crime Office (NJ), 39 Bias Crimes hearings (1992), 53 Black Is a Country (Singh), 45 Blackmon, Douglas, 62 Blee, Kathleen M., 18 Boston, 38 Boston Globe, 115 Boston Police Department, 24, 26–28 Bottoms,A. E., 43 Bourdieu, Pierre, 46 Boys Don’t Cry (film), 98–99 Bragg, Rick, 79–80 Brewer, Lawrence Russell, 77–78 Brick, Michael, 55 Brokaw,Tom, 47, 55, 80 Brzenski, Mika, 47 Burmeister, James, 67, 74–76 Bush, George H.W., 49 Bush, George W., 46 146 Index Byrd, James Jr. (murder of): collective images of, 1, 50; as distraction from low-level hate crimes, 18; family’s denial of racism, 100–101; as highly covered crime, 14, 24, 47, 48, 77–78; Two Towns of Jasper, 115, 118–120, 122–123 Byrd, Jamie, 101 capital punishment, 25, 67, 77, 78 CBS Evening News, 47, 54, 57, 79 CBS Morning News, 47, 68, 100–101 CBSThis Morning, 79, 101–102 Center for Constitutional Rights, 36 Center for Democratic Renewal, 33 Chadwick,Alex, 70 “Charlie Howard’s Descent” (Doty), 115–119 Chavis, Benjamin, 32–33 Chicago Daily Defender, 9 Chin, Lily, 122 Chin,Vincent, 41, 70 Choy, Christine, 115, 119, 122, 123 Christensen, Diana, 34 Christian Science Monitor, 9 Chung, Connie, 54 citizenship: belonging and, 91; gay rights movement and, 93; legacy of slavery and, 35; post-difference ideology and, 102, 104–105; victimhood and, 107– 108 civil rights movement, 15, 20, 102–103; co-opting/legacy of, 5–6, 49–51, 58 class/classism. See economic inequality Clementi,Tyler, 15 Clinton, Bill:America as hate crimes victim, 54, 56, 57; Byrd killing and, 78; Gaither murder and, 96; hate crimes as disease, 55; hate crimes legislation under, 14; nation and hate crimes, 45, 53, 135n25; perpetrators as marginal, 71; tough-on-crime culture under, 16–17, 42 Coates,Ta-Nehisi, 124 Coble, Mary, 109–111, 112–113 Coleman, Rodney, 120 collaborative art practices, 113–114 color blindness:American national mythology and, 45, 47; color-blind racism, 6–7, 58–62; legislation and, 7–8, 60–62; as part of post-difference ideology, 6–8, 60, 81; victim representations and, 91, 100–103; war on crime and, 17 Comer, James, 33, 35, 36 Community Disorders Unit (CDU, Boston Police Department), 26–28, 40, 44 Community United AgainstViolence (San Francisco), 34 conceptual cloaks, 60 Confederate Knights of America, 80 Conner Contemporary Art, 109–111 contagion/epidemic motif, 53–57, 136n29 Conversation Pieces (Kester), 109 Conyers, John Jr., 31, 35, 48, 49–50 Couric, Katie, 95–96 “covering,” 90–91 Craig, Kellina M., 106–107 crime control culture. See tough-oncrime rhetoric/policies Cummins, Jim, 47 Curry,Ann, 101 Dateline (NBC), 55, 69, 95–96, 97 Davies, Erin, 111–112 Davis, Gray, 82 death penalty, 25, 67, 77, 78 Department of Homeland Security, 14 depoliticization/decontextualization, 5, 8, 47, 95, 124 desegregation, 27, 37 disease motif, 53–57, 136n29 Doane,Ashley W., 59 Doty, Mark, 115–119 Dow,Whitney, 115, 119, 123 Dunbar, Edward, 85 Ebens, Ronald, 70, 121 economic inequality: 1980s focus...