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233 Notes Preface 1. This statement was recorded by Howard Becker, one of Park’s students, and is reported in John C. McKinney, Constructive Typology and Social Theory (New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966), 71. 2. Elijah Anderson, Code of the Street: Decency,Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City (NewYork: Norton, 1999); Paul G. Cressey, The Taxi-Dance Hall:A Sociological Study in Commercialized Recreation and Urban Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932); Mitchell Duneier, Sidewalk (NewYork: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1999); Clifford R. Shaw, The Jack-Roller:A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1966);HarveyW.Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago’s Near North Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929). Introduction 1. Melissa Sickmund, T. J. Sladky, Wei Kang, and C. Puzzanchera, “Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement,” http://www.ojjdp.gov/ ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (accessed August 8, 2012). 2. American Correctional Association, 2008 Directory of Adult and Juvenile Correctional Departments, Institutions, Agencies, and Probation and Parole Authorities (Alexandria, VA: American Correctional Association, 2008). See also Justice Policy Institute, “The Costs of Confinement: Why Good Juvenile Justice Policies Make Good Fiscal Sense” (policy brief, Justice Policy Institute , Washington, DC, May 2009), http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/ upload/09_05_REP_CostsOfConfinement_JJ_PS.pdf. 3. The normal recreation period had been taken away for three days as a collective punishment for “disrespectful behavior” by one or more of the twentythree boys in the dorm. The medical examiner ruled his death a homicide, although he had an underlying undiagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. Jennifer Gonnerman,“The Lost Boys of Tryon,” NewYork Magazine, January 24 2010, http://nymag.com/news/features/63239. 4. For exceptions,see Laura S.Abrams,“Listening to Juvenile Offenders:Can Residential Treatment Prevent Recidivism?” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 23, no. 1 (2005): 61–85; Alexandra Cox,“Doing the Programme or Doing Me? The Pains ofYouth Imprisonment,” Punishment & Society 13, no. 5 (2011): 592–610; Michelle Inderbitzin,“Inside a Maximum-Security Juvenile Training School: Institutional Attempts to Redefine the American Dream and ‘Normalize ’ IncarceratedYouth,” Punishment & Society 9, no. 3 (2007): 235–251;Anne M. Nurse,“The Structure of the Juvenile Prison:The Construction of the Inmate 234 Notes to Pages 2–7 Father,” Youth & Society 32, no. 3 (2001): 360–394; and Adam D. Reich, Hidden Truth:Young Men Navigating Lives In and Out of Juvenile Prison (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). 5. Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (NewYork:Anchor Books, 1961). 6. Reform schools are often referred to as residential placements, training schools, juvenile correctional facilities, “juvie,” or (incorrectly) detention centers. I prefer the old-fashioned but honest term “reform school.” See Jerome Miller, Last One Over theWall:The Massachusetts Experiment in Closing Reform Schools (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991). Many practitioners resist correctional terminology or any reference to youth incarceration because they are convinced that the juvenile justice system offers something fundamentally different than adult corrections. I reject the medicalized language of “residential placements” because it obscures the fundamental truth that no matter how therapeutic the treatment, their “residents” are locked up against their will. 7. Joan Petersilia, When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Jeremy Travis, But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2005). 8. The Urban Dictionary defines “fall back” as “chill out, relax, stop trippin’”; s.v. “fall back,” Urban Dictionary, http://www.urbandictionary.com/define .php?term=Fall+Back. I was struck by the comparative imagery of “falling back” from the drug game, which implies the great expenditure of effort involved in selling drugs, and words used to describe selling drugs, such as “grind” and “hustle,” or the noun to describe drugs themselves,“work.” 9. Fourteen of the fifteen were African American. The last, Luis, was Puerto Rican and white. Luis was different from the others in many ways, including his belief that addiction was his primary barrier to success after leaving Mountain Ridge Academy. He was reincarcerated fairly quickly after his release. Since I lost contact with him after this stint inside another juvenile facility, I refer to him infrequently.Throughout the book, I discuss my findings in relation to the urban African American experience. 10. I conducted record checks for six years from each participant’s date of discharge from Mountain Ridge Academy. This...