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Notes 1. Sparing Nature 1. J. E. Cohen, How Many People Can the Earth Support? (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995). 2. Newsweek, Feb. 15, 1999, p. 76. 3. The term “ecosystem” was coined by Tansley. A. G. Tansley, “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms,” Ecology 42 (1935), 237–245. 4. Data kindly provided by naturalist John Watts of the Columbus Metropolitan Parks. 5. Estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. 6. C. F. Westoff, “Population Growth: Large Problem, Low Visibility,” Politics and the Life Sciences 16 (1997), 227. 7. S. Krech, The Ecological Indian: Myth and History (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999). 8. L. Bromfield, Malabar Farm (London: Ballantine Books, 1947), 239. 9. C. S. Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (London: Methuen, 1958), 143. 10. As quoted in the Columbus Dispatch, Sept. 1, 2000, p. B6. 11. J. W. Bews, “The Ecological Viewpoint,” South African Journal of Science 28 (1931), 11. 12. Mosquito larvae are an important food source for fish, and the adults are eaten by birds and bats, having transformed the nutrients of plants into concentrations of “meat” for the predators. 2. The Scattered Seeds 1. There are chemical signatures of the existence of life going back to 3.8 million years, but no fossils. 2. The “big five” mass extinctions are interspersed with other rises in extinction rates, though we are just coming to grips with their relative magnitudes and distributions. See A. B. Smith, A. S. Gale, and N.E.A. Monks, “Sea-Level Change and Rock-Record Bias in the Cretaceous: A Problem for Extinction and Biodiversity Studies,” Paleobiology 27 (2001), 241–253. Data for the figure come from W. I. Ausich and N. G. Lane, Life of the Past, fourth edition (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1999). 3. Because humans are more similar genetically to chimps than to gorillas, yet both chimps and gorillas knuckle walk whereas our ancestors walked upright, it may be that knuckle walking evolved twice. If that were the case, it would be an example of parallel evolution. 4. A. R. Templeton, “Phylogenetic Inference from Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage Site Maps with Particular Reference to the Evolution of Man and the Apes,” Evolution 37 (1983), 221–244. A 1 8 5 10-R2435-END 11/5/02 1:54 PM Page 185 5. The phrase “red in tooth and claw,” quoted from Tennyson’s poem (written before Darwin’s On the Origin of Species), was often used in early critiques of “Darwinism” as being too violent and morally repugnant. 6. This study was conducted by William D’Arcy, but apparently never got published. The details from D’Arcy’s lectures were given to me in lectures by Robert Sussman at Washington University. 7. P. R. Ehrlich and P. H. Raven, “Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution,” Evolution 18 (1964), 586–608. 8. C. R. Peters and B. Maguire, “Wild Plant Foods of the Makapansgat Area: A Modern Ecosystems Analogue for Australopithecus africanus Adaptations,” Journal of Human Evolution (1981), 565–583. 9. The monkeys were Callithrix manicorensis and Callithrix acariensis, two species of marmosets. 10. This is changing with greater focus on “bioinformatics,” aided by the Internet. F. A. Bisby, “The Quiet Revolution: Biodiversity Informatics and the Internet,” Science 289 (2000), 2309–2312. 11. E. O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (London: Penguin Press, 1992). 12. P. H. Raven, “Disappearing Species: A Global Tragedy,” Futurist 19 (1985), 8–14; N. E. Stork, “Measuring Global Biodiversity and Its Decline,” in M. L. Reaka-Kudla, D. E. Wilson , and E. O. Wilson, eds., Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources (Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 1997), 41–68. 13. N. E. Stork and K. G. Gaston, “Counting Species One by One,” New Scientist 1729 (1990), 43–47; and Stork, “Measuring Global Biodiversity.” 14. T. L. Erwin, “Tropical Forests: Their Richness in Coleoptera and Other Arthropod Species ,” Coleoptera Bulletin 36 (1982), 74–75; and Stork, “Measuring Global Biodiversity.” 15. The subspecies name of Miss Waldron’s red colobus is Procolobus badius waldroni. 16. J. F. Oates, M. Abedi-Lartey, W. S. McGraw, T. T. Struhsaker, and G. H. Whitesides, “Extinction of a West African Red Colobus Monkey,” Conservation Biology 14 (2000), 1530. 17. R.D.E MacPhee and C. Flemming, “Requiem Æternam—the Last Five Hundred Years of Mammalian Species Extinctions,” in R.D.E. MacPhee, ed., Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences (New York: Kluwer Academic...