Land of Smoke and Mirrors: A Cultural History of Los Angeles

Notes

Prologue 1. William Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 53. D. J. Waldie, “How Do We Make Our Home Here?” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 8, 2010, A31. 2. Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe, 53; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Vintage, 1992), 26. 3. Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe, 89. 4. Davis, City of Quartz, 26; John L. Mitchell, “Diversity Gave Birth to L.A.,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 22, 2007, A1, A19. 5. The following information is drawn from personal interviews and e-mail contact with the following individuals: Dr. John Harris and Dr. Christopher Shaw, of the Page Museum in Los Angeles; Cleone Hawkinson, of Friends of America’s Past; Dr. Stephen C. Jett, of the University of California, Davis; Dr. John Johnson, curator of anthropology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History; and Dr. Alison Stenger, of the Institute for Archaeological Studies in Portland, Oregon. Books consulted include Jeffrey H. Altschul and Donn R. Grenda, eds., Islanders and Mainlanders: Prehistoric Context for the Southern California Bight (Tucson, AZ: SRI Press, 2002); James C. Chatters, Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001); Nancy Yaw Davis, The Zuni Enigma (New York: Norton, 2000); Thomas D. Dillehay, The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Brian Fagan, Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2003); Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds., California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2007); Claudia Jurmain and William McCawley, O, My Ancestor: Recognition and Renewal for the Gabrielino-Tongva People of the Los Angeles Area (Berkeley, CA: Heyday, 2009); William McCawley, The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles (Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press, 1996); and David J. Metzler, First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). Websites include http://anthropology.si.edu/anthro_staff.htm; www.friendsofpast.org; www.pathsacrossthepacific.org; and www.prehistorics.org. 6. Thomas H. Maugh II, “Theory of North Americans Is Upended,” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 2011, A19. The “present” in BP is actually 1950, chosen because the first radiocarbon dates were calculated in December 1949. 7. Stephen C. Jett to the author, e-mail, Sept. 6, 2010. N O T E S 243 8. The East Coast theory stems from the work of Dennis Stanford of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. 9. Jett, e-mail, Sept. 6, 2010. Jett also mentions that the Monte Verde site gives “indications of human presence there at over 30,000 BP.” 10. The remains were discovered in 1959–60. Though reassessed at one point as those of a woman, they were reassessed again in 2006 as those of a man. 11. Cleone Hawkinson offered this information (in an e-mail to the author, Sept. 15, 2010), gleaned from the work of her mentor, Dr. Richard L. Jantz of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 12. Jett, e-mail, Sept. 6, 2010 (enhanced by a later e-mail from Jett to the author on Jan. 24, 2012). 13. The 5000 BP figure is according to John Johnson, as “judged by at least one linguist.” Victor Golia, while asserting that the linguistic divergence within the family “is probably only a couple of millennia,” also states that “the language family most likely had a much longer presence in the region” (Johnson to the author, e-mail, Sept. 30, 2010). 14. E-mail from John Johnson; see also Michael A. Glassow, Lynn H. Gamble, Jennifer E. Perry, and Glenn S. Russell, “Prehistory of the Northern California Bight and the Adjacent Transverse Ranges,” in Jones and Klar, California Prehistory, 191–213, 210. 15. Jurmain and McCawley, O, My Ancestor, xv; McCawley, The First Angelinos, 3. 16. McCawley, The First Angelinos, 3. 17. Twenty-seven distinct Tongva communities existed in the Los Angeles valley plains: ten in the San Fernando Valley, nine in the San Gabriel Valley, and eight in the San Bernardino Valley (Paula M. Shiffman, “The Los Angeles Prairie,” in Land of Sunshine: An Environmental History of Metropolitan Los Angeles, ed. William Deverell and Greg Hise [Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005], 38–51, 41). 18. See McCawley, The First Angelinos; James J. Rawls, Indians of California: The Changing Image (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984). During the mission period...