The Story of N: A Social History of the Nitrogen Cycle and the Challenge of Sustainability

Notes

173 NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Joan Houston Hall and Frederic G. Cassidy, eds., Dictionary of American Regional English, vol. I–O (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1996), 168. 2. For a descriptive account of a jubilee, see Anne George, This One and Magic Life: A Novel of a Southern Family (New York: Avon, 1999), 3–5. 3. M. Timothy O’Keefe, Seasonal Guide to the Natural Year—Florida, with Georgia and Alabama Coasts: A Month by Month Guide to Natural Events (Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum, 1996), 148–51. 4. Robert J. Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems,” Science 321 (2008): 926, 929. 5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Smaller Than Expected, but Severe, Dead Zone in Gulf of Mexico,” NOAA website (www.noaanews.noaa.gov), July 27, 2009. 6. James N. Galloway et al., “The Nitrogen Cascade,” Bioscience 53 (2002): 341–56. 7. Sonke Zaehle, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Andrew D. Friend, “Terrestrial Nitrogen Feedbacks May Accelerate Future Climate Change” (L01401), Geophysical Research Letters 37 (2010): 1–5; Nicolas Gruber and James N. Galloway, “An Earth-System Perspective of the Global Nitrogen Cycle,” Nature 451 (2008): 293–96. 8. See G. J. Leigh, The World’s Greatest Fix: A History of Nitrogen and Agriculture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). 9. Ibid., 94–121; Richard P Aulie, “Boussingault and the Nitrogen Cycle,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 114 (1970): 435–79. 10. J. C. Nesbit, On Agricultural Chemistry and the Nature and Properties of Peruvian Guano (London: Longman, 1856); Daniel J. Browne, The American Muck Book (New York: Saxton, 1851). 11. William Phillips Dunbar, Principles of Sewage Treatment, trans. H. T. Calvert (London : Griffin, 1908), 265–66. 12. Hoyt S. Gale, Nitrate Deposits, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 523 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1912). 13. Vaclav Smil, Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001). 14. Leigh, World’s Greatest Fix, 6. 15. J. R. Partington, A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder (1960; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); William H. McNeill, The Age of Gunpowder 174 NOT ES TO PAGES 5–13 Empires, 1450–1800 (Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, 1989); Brenda J. Buchanan, ed., Gunpowder, Explosives, and the State: A Technological History (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2006). 16. Robert P. Multhauf, “The French Crash Program for Saltpeter Production, 1776–94,” Technology and Culture 12 (1971): 163–81. 17. Edward D. Melillo, “Strangers on Familiar Soil: Chile and the Making of California, 1848–1940” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 2006). 18. James N. Galloway et al., “Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future,” Biogeochemistry 70 (2004): 153–226. 19. Smil, Enriching the Earth. 20. “In part” because other factors, such as the ability of Europe to draw on New World resources, also mattered: Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of Modern World Economy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000). 21. David Stradling, Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmentalists, Engineers, and Air Quality in America, 1881–1951 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); E. Melanie DuPuis, ed., Smoke and Mirrors: The Politics and Culture of Air Pollution (New York: New York University Press, 2004). CHAPTER 1 THE EMERGENCE OF A BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE 1. Paul F. Lurquin, The Origins of Life and the Universe (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003); D. E. Brownlee, “The Origin and Early Evolution of the Earth,” in Global Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. Samuel S. Butcher, Robert J. Charlson, Gordon H. Orians, and Gordon V. Wolfe (New York: Academic Press, 1992), 9–10; John Gribben , In Search of the Big Bang: The Life and Death of the Universe (New York: Penguin, 1998); Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (New York: Bantam, 1990); Thanu Padmanabhan, After the First Three Minutes: The Story of Our Universe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Steven Weinberg , The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (New York: Basic Books, 1993). 2. Cesare Emiliani, Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and the Environment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 371; R. S. Martin, T. A. Mather, and D. M. Pyle, “Volcanic Emissions and the Early Earth Atmosphere,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (2007): 3673–85. 3. The famous experiments by Stanley Miller in which amino acids were created under simulated primitive conditions is described in S. L. Miller, “A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth...