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^ 437 Grand Rapids, Michigan. (Dwight Goss, History of Grand Rapids and Its Industries [Chicago, 1906], 2:1175–76; Unitarian Year Book, July 1, 1904 [Boston, 1904], 18.) 3. See Charles O. Heydt to ECS, 27 March 1901, Film, 41:1016. 4. Henry Phipps, Jr., (1839–1930) had been a partner of Andrew Carnegie in a series of steel companies. In retirement at this date, he was a philanthropist. ECS had long admired his scheme to build a great conservatory in a park in Allegheny City on the condition that it be open on Sundays. (DAB; Papers, 4:499–501.) 5. In the preface to the History, Harper recounted how the series began; the work performed by ECS,SBA and Matilda Joslyn Gage on the first three volumes; how it was that she became the author of the fourth volume; and the care she took to verify historical detail as well as legal conditions in fifty states and territories. 6. After President Roosevelt’s carriage collided with a trolley car in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on September 3, his bruises were thought to be slight, and he insisted on keeping all engagements. He headed into Tennessee and the Midwest. On September 23 in Indianapolis, the president required surgery to treat an abscess on his leg. Doctors in Washington confined him to his bed for two weeks, and on September 28, his injury required a second surgery. (Washington Post, 4, 8, 16, 24, 26, 29 September 1902.) ••••••••• 210 • International Declaration of Principles [September? 1902] 1 We, the men and women assembled in the First International Woman Suffrage Conference, held in Washington, U.S.A., Feb. 12–18, 1902, do hereby declare our faith in the following principles: 1. That men and women are born equally free and independent members of the human race; equally endowed with talents and intelligence, and equally entitled to the free exercise of their individual rights and liberty. 2. That the natural relation of the sexes is that of interdependence and coöperation, and that a repression of the rights of one inevitably works injury to the other and to the whole race. 3. That in all lands, those laws, creeds, and customs which have tended to restrict women to a position of dependence, to discourage their mental training, to repress the development of their natural gifts, and to subordinate their individuality, have been based upon false theories, and have produced an artificial and unjust relation of the sexes in modern society. 4. That self-government in the home and the State should be the 30 september 1902 438 & inalienable right of every normal adult, and in consequence no individual woman can “owe obedience” to any individual man, as prescribed by old marriage forms, nor can women as a whole owe obedience to men as a whole, as prescribed by modern governments. 5. That the refusal to recognize women as individual members of society , entitled to the right of self-government, has resulted in social, legal, and economic injustice to them, and has intensified the existing economic disturbances throughout the world. 6. That governments which impose taxes and laws upon their women citizens without giving them the right of consent, or dissent, which is granted to men citizens, exercise a tyranny inconsistent with just government . 7.That the ballot is the only legal and permanent means of defending the rights to “life,liberty,and pursuit of happiness”pronounced inalienable by the American Declaration of Independence,and accepted as inalienable by all civilized nations; therefore, women should be vested with all rights and privileges of electors in a representative form of government. 8. That the rapidly-developing intelligence of women, resulting from new educational opportunities, and the important position in the economic world into which women have been forced by the commercial changes of the last half-century, call for the immediate consideration of this problem by the nations of the world. U Susan B. Anthony, Chairman, United States. U Vida Goldstein, 2 Secretary, Australia. U Florence Fenwick Miller, England. U Antonie Stolle, 3 Germany. U Emmy Evald, 4 Sweden. U Caroline Holman Huidobro, 5 Chile. U Gudrun Drewsen, 6 Norway. U Rachel Foster Avery, United States. U Anna H. Shaw, United States. U Carrie Chapman Catt, United States. Y Woman’s Journal, 11 October 1902. 1. In a letter dated 6 October 1902 that prefaced this printing of the declaration, Carrie Catt explained who wrote it: officers of the International Suffrage Committee took over the task after a committee named...

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