The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism

Index

285 INDEX abortion: access to, 147, 158–159, 160, 177; conservatives on, 185, 186, 212; cultural right vs. population planners on, 211–212; “on demand,” 10, 159, 191; eugenicists on, 74, 154; forced, 73; illegal, 74; and population control in Japan, 69, 78; and women’s movement, 191 abundance, 2, 5, 61, 62–63, 65, 133 Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), 82–83 African Americans: criticism of population movement, 109, 111, 172, 173, 178–180; criticism of reproduction rate of, 107; and environmental risks, 179–180; forced sterilization of, 192–193; and racial riots, 108; and urbanization, 105, 113–114 aggregate demand, 31–32, 34, 68 agriculture: and foreign policy, 21, 138; green revolution, 66, 102–103, 127, 133, 154–155, 177, 226, 231; history of, 136; hybrid corn, 20, 21; hybrid seeds, 145–146, 231; permanent, 21; pesticides, 135, 142, 209; soil erosion, 21, 26, 45, 48, 57–58, 142, 199; subsistence, 54; war, effect on, 38, 45 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 60 American Eugenics Society, 39, 67 American Museum of Natural History, 39 Anderson, Carol, xiii Animal Ecology (Elton), 25, 49 animal/human divide, 15, 22, 23, 25, 27–28, 41, 49, 73, 81, 119, 128, 151, 217, 228 Anker, Peder, xiii, 25–26 apocalypticism, 20, 72, 76, 88–89, 136, 145, 209, 223 Australia, resource degradation in, 48–49 Avila, Enrique, 54 baby boom, 7, 79, 80, 84, 105, 117–118, 160–162, 221–222, 223, 227 Bailey, Beth, 110–111 Bangladesh, 187, 189, 196 Barnett, Harold, 185, 216 biology. See ecology; eugenics; evolution; population biology biotic resistance, 48 “Biotic View of the Land, A” (Leopold), 26–27 birth control, 4, 9–10; access to, 147, 158, 169, 177; coercive, 153, 175; conservatives on, 211–212; dissemination to poor women, 123; domestic programs, 101–102, 110–111; and health risks, 192; international programs, 101–102; in Japan, 69, 78, 90; legislation, 109; for lower classes, 22; and racism, 121–122; for single persons, 158; technology for, 78, 121–122; Vogt on, 52, 158. See also abortion; sterilization birth rate: declining, in U.S., 32, 209, 226; declining, worldwide, 189, 226; eugenic interest in, 19; increasing, in U.S., 105; modern medicine, effect on, 88–89. See also baby boom Borlaug, Norman, 102 Borstelmann, Thomas, xiii Boserup, Esther, 185, 216 Bostrom, Harold, 152–153 Boulding, Kenneth, 75–76, 116–117, 150 Bowers, Richard, 159, 160 Broome, Harvey, 120 Brower, David, 116, 120, 122, 124–125, 140, 174, 208 Brown, Harrison, 73–75, 80 Brown, Lester, 137 Buchanan, Pat, 185 Burch, Guy I., 45, 88 Bush, George H. W., 163, 164, 207; on population, 163–164 Caldwell, Lynton, 73, 80, 167–168 Calhoun, John, 112, 113, 143, 172 California, 114–115, 132–135, 136, 160, 207–208 cancer, as metaphor for population growth, 112, 115, 149 Carrighar, Sally, 112 Carr-Saunders, Alexander, 25–26, 49 carrying capacity, 15, 16, 20, 23, 38, 70, 72; defining, 18, 47; degradation of, 48–49; difference from population composition, 18–19; predicting, problems with, 73; of wildlife populations, 23–25, 27, 28–29, 49, 146, 170–171 Carson, Rachel, xiii, 2, 6, 25, 135, 144 Carter, Jimmy, 201, 203–206, 218 Catholics, 59, 92, 97, 107, 148, 162, 175, 212, 214 Chapman, Royal, 19, 24, 48 children: as consumers, 117–118, 148; as focus of society, 105, 133; and financial disincentives, 147; and financial incentives, 121–122 China, 48, 73, 98, 144, 188, 212 Chinification, 9, 105, 122–123 Cisler, Lucinda, 157, 158, 159 civil rights movement, xiii, 55, 92, 106, 109, 130–132, 192 Clark, Joseph, 92–93, 109 climate change, xv, 143, 205, 231 Clinton, Dale, 110–111 Coale, Ansley, 69, 216 coercion, in population programs: African American critique of, 178; Brown on, 73–74; Commoner critique of, 182; Ehrlich and, 126, 148–149, 153, 172, 175, 185, 195–196; environmentalists and, 10, 11, 75, 78, 94, 226, 227; feminist critique of, 190–194; Hardin on, 153–155; Johnson on, 101, Reagan on, 208; ZPG on, 160 Cold War: and ecology, xi–xii; as economic struggle, 90–91; and environmental movement, xiii; foreign assistance, effect on environment, 37–38; and Hugh Moore’s “The Population Bomb,” 88–91; and India, 97–103; and modernization theory, 94–97, 98, 103, 146; national security during, 88–91; and population programs, 9, 10, 85–88, 99–101, 103, 144–146, 151, 221–222, 224, 226–227 Collins, Joseph, 188, 189–190, 196 Collins, Robert, 32, 61, 180, 181, 204, 205 colonialism...