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179 NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Mary and Tricia Alfson, interview by author and Nicholas Alfson, 15 December 2006, tape of interview in author’s possession. 2. References to HAPD officers frequently appear in the informal literature produced for “Old Timer’s Day” reunions at NYCHA developments. See, for example, the fond memories of the Amsterdam Houses’ police officers “Bruzie, Kelly, and Luigi” in Spence Mayfield, “The Way We Were,” Reunion ’87 Journal (New York: Amsterdam Reunion Committee, 1987), and Reflections: Celebrating 60 Years of Shared Love and Still Going Strong (New York: Best Graphics, 2007), both in the author’s possession. 3. For the broad support for community policing, see David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 125–127, and Michael Massing, “The Blue Revolution,” New York Review of Books, 19 November 1988, 32–36; for Harris Polling data documenting the breadth of public awareness of community policing, see Stephen Mastrofski, “Community Policing: A Skeptical View,” in Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives, ed. David Weisburd and Anthony Braga (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 69. 4. Confident assertions of the effectiveness of community policing as a strategy include Malcolm Sparrow, Mark Moore, and David Kennedy, Beyond 911: A New Era for Policing (New York: Basic Books, 1990); David Bayley, What Works in Policing (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); David Weisburd, Anthony Braga, Elin Waring, William Spelman, Lorraine Mazerolle, and Frank Gajewski, “Problem-Oriented Policing in Violent Crime Places: A Randomized Controlled Experiment,” Criminology 37, no. 4 (1999): 89, and W. G. Skogan, ed., Community Policing: Can It Work? (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004); community policing’s more aggressive cousin, broken-windows policing, is extolled in George Kelling and Catherine Coles, Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). 5. Wendell E. Pritchett, Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the Changing Face of the Ghetto (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 89. 6. A sophisticated recent study of one department’s experiment with community policing can be found in Peter Manning’s ethnography of “Western” (his pseudonym for the midwestern city where he did his fieldwork) in Policing Contingencies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). But as with other studies of other departments, the recentness of the adoption of community policing in “Western” meant Manning’s analysis addressed what was a rather brief experience—three years—in both the department and the city’s histories. A longer and more quantitative study can be found in W. G. Skogan, Community Policing in Chicago, Year Ten: An Evaluation of NOTES TO PAGES 3–4 180 Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy (Springfield: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2004). 7. For the term’s rise in popular media, see Regina G. Lawrence, The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 158–159. 8. For operating definitions of community policing as the phrase is understood within police departments, see Harry W. More, W. Fred Wegener, and Larry S. Miller, “Community Policing: Serving the Neighborhoods,” Effective Police Supervision (Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing, 2003). See also Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). 9. “Elements of the Security Strategy for the New York City Housing Authority,” 15 January 1992, folder 1, box 100B3, New York City Housing Authority Papers, La Guardia and Wagner Archives, La Guardia Community College (hereafter NYCHA), 4. 10. For an argument fusing faith in community gardens and community policing, see Walter Thabit, How East New York Became a Ghetto (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 225–227, 50–51. A number of pedestrian malls, including the Granville Mall in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, emerged out of early police-community conferences; see Harvey M. Rubenstein, Pedestrian Malls, Streetscapes, and Urban Spaces (New York: Wiley, 1992), 215–216; for a facile skewering of liberal sensibilities and pedestrian malls, see David Brooks, Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 104–105; for federal grants and the number of departments that claim to practice community policing, see John L. Worrall and Tomislav V. Kovandzic, “Cops, Grants and Crime Revisited,” Criminology 45, no. 1 (2007): 159–190; for community policing and terrorism, see David Rieff, “Policing Terrorism,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, 22 July 2007. 11. Jerome G. Miller, Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System (New...

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