The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945: Toward a Global History

NOTES

221 NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. “Vi bundistn in oysland zeyen undz,” Byuletin fun Bund [Melbourne] (August 1966): 3. 2. One notable exception is Daniel Elazar and Peter Medding’s comparative study of the Australian, Argentine, and South African Jewish communities, although the authors are concerned more with the sociological character of those communities . Mostly, they treat these locations in isolation, rather than as counterpoints to the histories of the more celebrated European and American Jewish communities. Even Jonathan Frankel’s authoritative work Prophecy and Politics does not consider this global element of Jewish labor history. See Daniel Elazar and Peter Y. Medding, Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia, and South Africa (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983). See also Nancy Green, ed., Jewish Workers in the Modern Diaspora (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998). 3. On the Austro-Marxists’ influence on Bundist thought, see Jack Jacobs, On Socialists and “The Jewish Question” after Marx (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 118–141; Roni Gechtman, “Conceptualizing National-Cultural Autonomy: From the Austro-Marxists to the Jewish Labor Bund,” Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook 4 (2005): 17–49. 4. For a discussion of this narrative, see Yoav Peled, Class and Ethnicity in the Pale: The Political Economy of Jewish Workers’ Nationalism in Late Imperial Russia (London: Macmillan, 1989), 72–77. 5. Ibid., 105. 6. Jonathan Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 171–185. 7. Peled, Class and Ethnicity in the Pale. 8. See Henry J. Tobias and Charles E. Woodhouse, “Political Reaction and Revolutionary Careers: The Jewish Bundists in Defeat, 1907–10,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 19, no. 3 (1977): 367–396; Vladimir Levin, “The Jewish Socialist Parties in Russia in the Period of Reaction,” in The Revolution of 1905 and Russia’s Jews, ed. Stefani Hoffman and Ezra Mendelsohn (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 111–127. 9. See Bernard K. Johnpoll, The Politics of Futility: The General Jewish Workers’ Bund of Poland, 1917–1943 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967), 82–122; Abraham 222 NOT ES TO PAGES 6–11 Brumberg, “The Bund: History of a Schism,” in Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Bund at 100, ed. Jack Jacobs (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 81–89. 10. For a summary of these results, see Jack Jacobs, Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2009), 1–7. 11. In his recent book, historian Jack Jacobs neatly summarizes this debate (ibid., 4–7). See also Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 76–77; Antony Polonsky, “The Bund in Polish Political Life, 1935–1939,” in Essential Papers on Jews and the Left, ed. Ezra Mendelsohn (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 166–197; Johnpoll, Politics of Futility, 223–224. 12. See Jacobs, Bundist Counterculture; Roni Gechtman, “Yidisher Sotsializm: The Origin and Contexts of the Jewish Labor Bund’s National Program” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2005). 13. Gertrude Pickhan, “Gegen Den Strom”: Der Allgemeine Judische Arbeiterbund “Bund” in Polen, 1918–1939 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2001), 413. The degree of antisemitism is hotly contested, especially more recently by Polish historians; however, for many Jews, the feeling that antisemitism was widespread remained. See Ezra Mendelsohn, “Jewish Historiography on Polish Jewry in the Interwar Period,” in Polin: Jews in Independent Poland, ed. Ezra Mendelsohn, Antony Polonsky , and Jerzy Tomaszewski (Portland, OR: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2004), 3–13. 14. Zvi Gitelman, “A Century of Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Legacy of the Bund and the Zionist Movement,” in The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003), 12–19. 15. Daniel Blatman, For Our Freedom and Yours: The Jewish Labour Bund in Poland, 1939–1949 (London; Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2003). 16. Including, but not limited to, Marek Edelman, “The Ghetto Fights,” in The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising (Poland: Interpress Publishers, 1987), 17–39; Vladka Meed, Fun beyde zaytn geto-moyer (New York: Bildungs-Komitet fun Arbeter-Ring, 1948); Bernard Goldshtayn, Finf yor in Varshever geto (New York: Farlag Unzer Tsayt, 1947); In heldishn gerangl: Der onteyl fun Bund in di geto-kemfn (New York: Farlag Unzer Tsayt, 1949); Geto in Flamen: Zamlbukh (New York: Amerikaner reprezentantz fun Bund in Poyln, 1944); Jacob Celemenski, Elegy for My People: Memoirs of an Underground Courier of the Jewish Labor Bund in...