Dorothy West's Paradise: A Biography of Class and Color

Notes

189 NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. For a thorough discussion of Emma Dunham Kelley-Hawkins’s misidentification and revaluation within the field of African American literature, see Cherene SherrardJohnson and P. Gabrielle Foreman, “Racial Recovery, Racial Death: An Introduction in Four Parts,” Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 24.2 (2007): 157–170; Holly Jackson, “Mistaken Identity: What If a Novelist Celebrated as a Pioneer of AfricanAmerican Women’s Literature Turned Out Not to Be Black at All?” Boston Globe, 20 February 2005, D1, D3; Katherine E. Flynn, “A Case of Mistaken Racial Identity: Finding Emma Dunham (née Kelley) Hawkins,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 94 (2006): 5–22. 2. Dorothy West, “Winter on Martha’s Vineyard,” in Where the Wild Grape Grows: Selected Writings, 1930–1950, ed. Verner D. Mitchell and Cynthia Davis (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), 162. 3. For more on Helene Johnson, see This Waiting for Love: Helene Johnson, Poet of the Harlem Renaissance, ed. Verner D. Mitchell (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000). 4. Hermione Lee, Edith Wharton (New York: Knopf, 2007), 214–215. 5. Joseph Willson, Sketches of the Higher Classes of Colored Society in Philadelphia by a Southerner , ed. Julie Winch (1841; reprint, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 87. 6. Samuel Otter, “Frank Webb’s Still Life: Rethinking Literature and Politics through the Garies and Their Friends,” American Literary History 20.4 (Winter 2008): 732. 7. Candice Jenkins, Private Lives, Proper Relations: Regulating Black Intimacy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 13. 8. West, “The Legend of Oak Bluffs,” in Where the Wild Grape Grows, 34. 9. Ibid. 10. The 2005 film, however, was set and filmed in the South. 11. W.E.B. Du Bois, “Hopkinsville, Chicago and Idlewild,” Crisis 22.4 (August 1921): 158–160. 12. Robert Stepto, Blue as the Lake: A Personal Geography (Boston: Beacon, 1998). 13. “Auction for Johnson Villa: Lake Geneva Millionaires Get a Chance to Outbid Johnson,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 27 December 1912, 2. 14. Robert C. Hayden, African Americans on Martha’s Vineyard: A History of People, Places, and Events, 2d ed. (Boston: Select Publications, 2005), xiii. 15. Stephen Carter, The Emperor of Ocean Park (New York: Knopf, 2002), 1. 16. The Pease study includes an analysis of several black communities in Canada, the efforts of the American Colonization Society to resettle blacks in Liberia, and Port Royal, a settlement on the South Carolina Sea Islands. William H. Pease and Jane H. Pease, Black Utopia: Negro Communal Experiments in America (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1963), 18. 17. Michel Foucault, “Of Other Spaces,” Diacritics 16.1 (Spring 1986): 24, 27. 18. Audre Lorde, Zami, a New Spelling of My Name: A Biomythography (New York: Persephone Press, 1982). 19. Elisabeth Petry, At Home Inside: A Daughter’s Tribute to Ann Petry (Jackson: University of Mississippi, 2009), 51, 53. 20. Kevin Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 14. 21. Flannery O’Connor, “Revelation,” in The Complete Stories (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux , 1971). 22. Shirley Elizabeth Thompson, Exiles at Home: The Struggle to Become American in Creole New Orleans (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), 117. 23. Plaçage was a system of concubinage that placed young women of color, known as placeés, with white protectors who in exchange for sexual favors supplied housing, a stipend, and education for any offspring. 24. Guillory cited in Ariela Gross, “Litigating Whiteness: Trials of Racial Determination in the Nineteenth-Century South,” Yale Law Journal 108.1 (October 1998): 109–188, 112. 25. Dorothy West, “Cottager’s Corner,” Vineyard Gazette, 22 August 1969, 2-A. 26. West, “Cottager’s Corner,” 9 August 1968. 27. Gross, “Litigating Whiteness,” 65. 28. Thompson, Exiles at Home, 139, 140. 29. Ibid., 168. 30. Dorothy West, The Wedding (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 2. 31. Christopher Stoddard, A Centennial History of Cottage City: 1880–1980 (Oak Bluffs, Mass.: Oak Bluffs Historical Commission, 1980), 48. 32. Thompson, Exiles at Home, 117. 33. Ibid., 78. 34. Dorothy West, Interviews with Linsey Lee, Oral History Division, Martha’s Vineyard Museum, 21 January 1982, 13 35. Dorothy West to Rachel West, in Where the Wild Grape Grows, 191. 36. West, Interview with Linsey Lee, 21 January 1982. 37. West, The Wedding, 74. CHAPTER 1. A “LEGEND OF OAK BLUFFS” 1. Candice Jenkins, “Pure Black: Class, Color, and Intraracial Politics in Toni Morrison’s Paradise,” Modern Fiction Studies 52.2 (2006): 270...