American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions

Notes

187 Archives frequently cited in the notes have been identified by the following abbreviations: ABA Alexian Brothers Provincial Archives, Arlington Heights, Illinois ADOC Marillac Provincial House Archives of the Daughters of Charity, St. Louis, Missouri AHC Austin History Center, Austin, Texas ASM Sisters of Mercy of the Americas West Midwest–Chicago Community Archives, Chicago ASSJR Archives, Sisters of St. Joseph, Rochester, New York CAT Catholic Archives of Texas, Austin CHM Chicago Historical Museum MHA Mercy Hospital Archives, Chicago PHO Providence Hospital, Oakland, California Collection, SPA PSMC Providence Seattle Medical Center Collection, SPA RPP Sister John Gabriel Ryan Personal Papers Collection, SPA SMA Sisters of Mercy Archives, Chicago SPA Sisters of Providence Archives, Mother Joseph Province, Seattle UPMC Mercy Archives University of Pittsburgh Medical Center/Mercy Hospital Archives, Pittsburgh Chapter 1 — From Sisters in Habits to Men in Suits 1. Although the word “nun” specifically refers to a member of a cloistered religious order, I use it interchangeably throughout this book with “sister” and “women religious.” For books on sisters and hospitals, see Sioban Nelson, Say Little, Do Much: Nursing, Nuns, and Hospitals in the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001); Bernadette McCauley, Who Shall Take Care of Our Sick? Roman Catholic Sisters and the Development of Catholic Hospitals in New York City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005). 2. Patricia Wittberg, From Piety to Professionalism—and Back? Transformations of Organized Religious Virtuosity (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2006). 3. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 295. 4. Charles R. Morris, American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America ’s Most Powerful Church (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 254. See also R. Scott Appleby, “Decline or Relocation? The Catholic Presence in Church and Society, 1950–2000,” in The Church Confronts Modernity: Catholicism since 1950 in the U.S., Ireland, and Quebec, ed. Leslie Woodcock Tentler (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2007), 235. 5. MergerWatch, “Religious Health Restrictions Threaten Women’s Health and Endanger Women’s Lives,” September 2004. 6. The Official Catholic Directory (New York: P. J. Kenedy and Sons, 2008). Notes 188 Notes to Pages 3–6 7. Barbra Mann Wall, Unlikely Entrepreneurs: Catholic Sisters and the Hospital Marketplace , 1865–1925 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005). 8. Stephen M. Shortell, “The Evolution of Hospital Systems: Unfulfilled Promises and Self-Fulfilling Prophesies,” Medical Care Review 45, no. 2 (Fall 1988): 178. 9. Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, “Frequently Requested Catholic Church Statistics,” http://cara.georgetown.edu/bulletin/index.htm. Accessed December 8, 2009. See also Sandra M. Schneiders, “Why They Stayed,” National Catholic Reporter, August 17, 2009, http://ncronline.org/news/women/why-theystayed . Accessed December 8, 2009. 10. The Official Catholic Directory, 1960 and 1990. 11. Arthur Jones, “Huge Nonprofit System Feels Pressure to Cut Costs, Merge, and Get Bigger,” National Catholic Reporter, June 16, 1995, 11–15; Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, “Frequently Requested Catholic Church Statistics.” 12. “Religious Personnel,” 1960, 1986, 1990, (56) PSMC, History, SPA. Currently, the chair of the board of directors is a layperson. 13. Christopher J. Kauffman, The Ministry of Healing, vol. 2 of The History of the Alexian Brothers (New York: Seabury Press, 1978). 14. Monica Langley, “Money Order: Nuns’ Zeal for Profits Shapes Hospital Chain, Wins Wall Street Fans,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 1998. 15. Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989; repr. 1999). 16. Wittberg, From Piety to Professionalism; C. A. Hangartner, “Implications for Nursing Education from Vatican II,” Hospital Progress 47 (October 1966): 63–33, 78. 17. Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth, 339. 18. Wittberg, From Piety to Professionalism; Lee Clarke and Carroll L. Estes, “Sociological and Economic Theories of Markets and Nonprofits: Evidence from Home Health Organizations,” American Journal of Sociology 97, no. 4 (January 1992): 945–969; Mary Ruggie, “The Paradox of Liberal Intervention: Health Policy and the American Welfare State,” American Journal of Sociology 97, no. 4 (January 1992): 919–944; Mary L. Fennell and Jeffrey A. Alexander, “Perspectives on Organizational Change in the US Medical Care Sector,” Annual Review of Sociology 19 (1993): 89–112. 19. Peter L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (New York: Doubleday, 1967); Linda Woodhead, ed., Peter Berger and the Study of Religion (New York: Routledge, 2001). 20. James A. Morone...