Disrupted Childhoods: Children of Women in Prison

Bibliography

4. The angry grandmother’s son, who was the father of all the children, did not live with her and contributed almost nothing to the children’s care. Nevertheless, the grandmother clearly blamed the children’s mother, not her son, for the situation in which she found herself. CHAPTER 6 WHAT LIES AHEAD 1. A meta-analysis of sixteen studies found that children of incarcerated parents have approximately a twofold risk of antisocial behavior and delinquency. However, the authors concluded that the quality of the studies analyzed was such that parental incarceration still cannot be deemed a causal risk factor for these outcomes (Murray et al. 2009). 2. This phenomenon is not new. In her study of women in prison published in 1964, Serapio Zalba discussed caretakers who were angry with or hostile toward the woman in prison or disapproved of her behavior and who therefore failed to facilitate visits between the children and the mothers. 3. John’s memories of the places he had lived with his mother did not correspond to his or his mother’s description of the place they were living at the time of her arrest. She described it as an “abandominium,” the “absolute pits.” John was living there on his own after his mother’s arrest, and he would not allow me to come there to conduct an interview, claiming the place was in too great a state of disrepair. 4. Vanessa’s interview was recorded by hand, so some quotes by her are not exact. However, the quotes accurately reflect the substance of what she said. 5. Transportation to men’s facilities was similarly scarce: only 18 percent had subsidized transportation available for visiting family members and 16 percent reported that public transit was available (Hoffmann, Byrd, and Adams 2007). APPENDIX B A PORTRAIT OF THE CHILDREN AND THEIR MOTHERS 1. One incident that involved an African American family did make clear that at least that family was afraid that I was not who I said I was. I had interviewed the mother in jail after she assured me that her child would participate. When I arrived at the house where the child was staying with his mother’s sister, his aunt denied that he was there, going so far as to claim that her sister had no school-age children. When I returned to the jail and talked with the mother again, she told me that her sister had been afraid that I was from the state foster-care agency and was there to take the child. Despite the mother’s reassurances to her sister, I was never able to interview the child. NOTES TO PAGES 161–197 212 Notes.qxd 4/20/11 10:47 AM Page 212 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, B. P., Brown, E. D., D’Eramo, K. S., & Izard, C. E. (2002). Maternal relationship instability and the school behavior of children from disadvantaged families. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 694–704. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–87. Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 38(4), 319–361. Aisenberg, E., & Herrenkohl, T. (2008). Community violence in context: Risk and resilience in children and families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3), 296–315. Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 636–655. American Correctional Association. (1990). The Female Offender: What Does the Future Hold? Laurel, MD: American Correctional Association. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: W. W. Norton. Annie E. Casey Foundation and Women’s Prison Association. (2001). Partnerships between corrections and child welfare: Collaboration for change, part two. (22 pp.). Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation. Arditti, J. A., & Few, A. L. (2006). Mothers’ reentry into family life following incarceration. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17(1), 103–123. Arditti, J. A., Lambert-Shute, J., & Joest, K. (2003). Saturday morning at the jail: Implications of incarceration for families and children. Family Relations: Journal of Applied Family & Child Studies, 52(3), 195–204. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Baunach, P. J. (1985). Mothers in Prison. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, Rutgers University Press. Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M...